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biology 3/4 2020 > unit 3 aos 1 > Flashcards

unit 3 aos 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a polar molecule?

A

negative charge at one end and positive charge at the other (hydrophilic)

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2
Q

what is a non polar molecule?

A

evenly distributed negative and positive charges (hydrophobic)

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3
Q

what is a phospholipid made of

A

glycerol, phospherous, fatty acids

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4
Q

is a gylcerol polar or non polar

A

polar

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5
Q

what is the function of a protein channel

A

lets things through the mebrane that wouldnt be able to get through otherwise (because they are too large or too polar)

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6
Q

Define glycoprotein

A

protein with carbohydrate on it; helps with cell to cell communication

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7
Q

what is the role of cholestrol in the cell

A

helps with structure and stability of the membrane

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8
Q

what is meant by the fluid mosiac model

A

the plasma membrane is made of many elements (much like a mosaic) and is a liquid (fluid)

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9
Q

define simple diffusion

A

the passive net movement of a substance from a region of high concentration (solute) to a region of low concentration until it reaches equilibrium

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10
Q

define osmosis

A

the net diffusion of free water molecules through a semi permeable membrane from a region with a low solute concentration to a region with a high solute concentration

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11
Q

what is a free water molecule

A

a water molecule that is not bound to anything

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12
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A

the passive net movement of a substance from a region with a low concentration to a region with high concentration (against the gradient) through a membrane via a carrier protein (therefore requiring energy)

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13
Q

what is a golgi body’s structure

A

stack of sacs that are composed of membrane

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14
Q

what is the role of the mitochondrion

A

supplies energy (PRODUCES ATP THROUGH AEROBIC RESPIRATION)

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15
Q

How is the golgi body involved in exocytosis of proteins

A
  • vesicles buds off from the golgi body containing protein
  • protein held within vesicle will move out towards the plasma membrane
  • membrane of the vesicle joins to the membrane of the plasma membrane
  • protein is then outside the cell (exocytosis)
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16
Q

what is the role of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis; ribosomes are the site where amino acids are joined together to make the polypeptides to make the proteins

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17
Q

ribosomes that are on e.r synthesis proteins for

A

export

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18
Q

ribosomes that are free in the cytoplasm synthesis proteins for

A

the cell itself

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19
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A
  • proteins

- rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

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20
Q

outline how dna is transcribed and then translated into protein

A
  • DNA is transcribed into pre mRNA which is made of introns and exons
  • then pre mRNA get transcribed into mRNA which has no introns as they have been removed, mRNA has a methyl cap on one end and a poly A tail on the other end (chain of adenine)
  • this is then translated as the RNA then threads through ribosomes and transfer RNA bring amino acids together and links them into a polypeptide, polypeptide then gets folded into a 3d shape until it forms a protein
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21
Q

outline the structure of mitochondria

A
  • two layers of membrane; outlayer membrane, inner layer membrane (folded and bent)
  • matrix (the site of the kreb cycle of cellular respiration)
22
Q

where does electron transport occur

A

on folded inner membrane of the mitochondria

23
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur

A

along the membrane of the mitochondria

24
Q

does protein synthesis (carried out by ribosomes) require energy

A

ribosomes making proteins is anabolic (building something up) and is therefore endergonic (requires energy) in the form of atp

25
Q

explain briefly the cycle of atp production

A
  • ATP is an adenosine molecule and has three phosphates attached to it
  • by breaking the third phosphate off it = ADP and a phosphate (Pi)
  • when breaking the third phosphate off energy is released and this energy is used to build a protein
  • ATP comes from Mitochondria as the mitochondria takes ADP + Pi and builds it together to produce ATP
26
Q

what is the role of phagocytes

A

break things up; engulfs them by endocytosis and digests them

27
Q

what are the two kinds of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis; when a cell engulfs a solid object (ie. bacteria)
pinocytosis; when a cell engulfs a liquid molecule (ie. s kind of triglyceride)

28
Q

does endocytosis require energy/ is endocytosis an active process

A

yes

29
Q

what does hydrophilic mean?

A

attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water

30
Q

what does hydrophobic mean?

A

hydrophobes are not attracted to water and may seem to be repelled by it.

31
Q

what does hypertonic mean?

A

Hypertonic refers to a solution with higher osmotic pressure than another solution. In other words, a hypertonic solution is one in which there is a greater concentration or number of solute particles outside a membrane than there are inside it.

32
Q

what does hypotonic mean?

A

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution.

33
Q

what is an integral protein?

A

any protein which has a special functional region for the purpose of securing its position within the cellular membrane. In other words, an integral protein locks itself into the cellular membrane.

34
Q

what does isotonic mean?

A

An isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side.

35
Q

what is a lysosome?

A

lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria

36
Q

what is a nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear envelope (NE) is a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.

37
Q

what is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water or other solvent through a plasma membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration, tending to equalise the concentrations of the solutes. Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does not require energy to be applied.

38
Q

what is a peripheral membrane?

A

Peripheral membrane proteins are membrane proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated. These proteins attach to integral membrane proteins, or penetrate the peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer.

39
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles

40
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” and a hydrophilic “head” consisting of a phosphate group.

41
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.

42
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer arranged back-to-back. The membrane is also covered in places with cholesterol molecules and proteins. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and regulates which molecules are allowed to enter and exit the cell.

43
Q

what is a prokaryote?

A

Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells do not contain a distinct nucleus, bounded by a nuclear envelope, in contrast to eukaryotic organisms that do have distinct nuclei.

44
Q

what is a receptor?

A

Receptors are proteins or glycoprotein that bind signaling molecules known as first messengers, or ligands. They can initiate a signaling cascade, or chemical response, that induces cell growth, division, and death or opens membrane channels.

45
Q

what is a ribosome?

A

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.

46
Q

what is rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Its main function is to produce proteins. It is made up of cisternae, tubules and vesicles. The cisternae are made up of flattened membrane disks, which are involved in the modification of proteins.

47
Q

what does selectively permeable mean?

A

Selective permeability is a property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell. … Movement across a selectively permeable membrane can occur actively or passively.

48
Q

what does semipermeable mean?

A

allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others, especially allowing the passage of a solvent but not of certain solutes.

49
Q

what is simple diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion is the process by which solutes are moved along a concentration gradient in a solution or across a semipermeable membrane

50
Q

what is sodium potassium?

A

the sodium potassium pump (NaK pump) is vital to numerous bodily processes, such as nerve cell signaling, heart contractions, and kidney functions. The NaK pump is a specialized type of transport protein found in your cell membranes. NaK pumps function to create a gradient between Na and K ions.

51
Q

what is a vesicle?

A

a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis) and transport of materials within the plasma membrane.

biology 3/4 2020 (1 decks)

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