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History Revolutions > Unit 3 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Russian Geography

A
  • Main cities far from each other, making communication, defence and control by the gov hard
  • Weather was harsh and cold, giving farmers a finite time to let their crops flourish otherwise famine could begin
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2
Q

Russian Classes

A 
Ruling Class (0.5%)
Upper Class (12%)
Middle Class (1.5%)
Working Class (4%)
Peasantry (82%)
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3
Q

Pillars of the Autocracy

A

almost all swore loyalty to the Tsar not to the country

  • Gentry (lost income from emancipation of serfs)
  • Bureaucracy (proven loyalty to Tsar but many unqualified so couldn’t respond effectively to crises)
  • Russian Orthodox Church (organ of the gov, collecting taxes, paying salaries, lots of corruption)
    “an essential propaganda weapon and means of social control” - Figes
  • Okhrana (secret police)
  • Cossacks (brutal people who kept order)
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4
Q

Factors that sparked a rebellion against Tsardom

A
  • Tsardom (unfair + corrupt, created a hierarchal divide)
  • Russification (failed national identity)
  • The Great Spurt
  • Industrial Boom (overcrowding + poor working conditions)
  • Recession
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5
Q

Russo-Japanese War

A

(1904)
Revealed the weaknesses of the Russian regime with their humiliating defeat (only 3 naval ships survived out of their two main fleets)

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6
Q

Bloody Sunday Strikes

A

cause: unfair treatment of workers (firing due to rumoured involvement in unions)

7th Jan: 82,000 striked
8th Jan: 120,000 striking

400,000 workers striked in Jan in response

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7
Q

Bloody Sunday

A

9th Jan 1905

cause: unfair treatment of workers (firing due to rumoured involvement in unions)

150,000 peacefully protesting
200 killed, 800 injured

effect: ruined the Tsar’s ‘benevolent’ image

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8
Q

Potemkin Mutiny

A

June 1905

cause: dissent towards harsh military officers’ abuse of power

2000 killed 3000 injured in Odessa massacres

effect: highlighted tsarist cruelty and their fear of the revolutionary movement

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9
Q

October General Strike

A

13th October 1905

cause: general discontent with Tsarist regime

paralysed Russia and halted economic activity

Troops were fighting in the East and couldn’t shut the protest down, army and police refused to repress the situation

effect: october manifesto

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10
Q

October Manifesto

A

17th October 1905

cause: to mitigate the october general strike

promised

  • civil rights (citizens mass arrested, revolutionary newspapers shut down, freedom of speech limited, executions/exiles)
  • universal franchise
  • legislative duma (Tsar still had power)

effect: wasn’t fulfilled

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11
Q

Repression of the Tsarist Regime

A

punitive violence and terror in the countryside, the cossacks receiving rewards

Pyotr Stolypin’s suppression campaign

  • 3,000 executed between 1906-1909 (stolypin’s necktie)
  • 50,000 exiled to Siberia 1906-1909 (stolypin’s carriages)

effect: people realised promised reforms won’t be fulfilled - revolution is the only way

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12
Q

“Reform” to the “democratic” order of Russia with Dumas + “Universal” Franchise

A

cause: demands for democracy and reform

  • Fundamental Laws (1906) stating laws went through the State Duma, State Council and Tsar (Tsar still ruled as an autocrat)
  • Franchise granted to adult men over 25 (votes were skewed in the Tsar’s favour)
  • In 1907, Stolypin altered election laws so representation of classes in voting for the Duma were misrepresentative of population (Gentry influence went from 31% to 60%, Peasants decreased from 42% to 22%)

effect: workers and peasants doubted whether a parliament would address their needs

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13
Q

WWI (1914)

A

5 million men

Battle of Galicia (1.2 million troops, 3:2 casualties vs. enemy troops killed), Tannenberg (400,000) and Masurian Lakes (1914) resulted in the destruction of the Russian Army’s First and Second Armies

effect: revealed the russian army’s incompetence

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14
Q

The Great Retreat

A

May-August 1915

Germany attacked Russia
1.4 million casualties
1 million surrenders
6 million citizens fleeing (displaced)
Loss of countries they'd captured (retreat of their territory line)
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15
Q

Political Impacts WWI

A

Formation of Progressive Bloc (August 1915) –> unified opposition to the Tsar demanding a “government of public confidence”

Tsar went to the front line, leaving Tsarina in charge

  • ministerial leapfrog (4 prime ministers in less than 2 years)
  • rumoured affair with rasputin + her german heritage eroded the idea of the sacred monarchy, which was now infiltrated with traitors

effect: people doubted the Tsar’s leadership even more

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16
Q

Economic Impacts of WWI

A

cause: Russia’s lagging industry needed rapid improvement

1/3 soldiers without a rifle –> 1914: 2 shells, per gun, per day
- 1915-1916: industry manufactured 18x the number of shells

Poor working conditions, army supplies taking precedence with railway, depriving cities of basic goods

1916: wages risen 100%, costs risen 300%

1915: 140,000 workers went on strike (Petrograd)
1916: 380,000 workers went on strike

Supply crisis (Winter 1916-1917): inconsistent supply of fuel, metal and flour led to the closure of factories and bakeries
40 hours/week queuing for bread, only 4 days of reserve food

effect: created great anger and anxiety at the situation

17
Q

Social Impacts of WWI

A

Conscription of peasants made them feel as if they’d gone back to serfdom

Army morale disintegrated, surrender rates 12-15x higher than other countries

15 million joined the army, 3.4 million perished, country suffered war weariness

effect: revolutionary fervour increased as dissatisfaction towards the monarchy increased

18
Q

February Revolution

A

cause: growing anger and desire for reform + supply crisis tipped the people over the edge

23rd February: International Womens Day brought 70-100,000 women out protesting for lack of supplies
24th: 150-200,000 worker strike as police didn’t respond to previous strike
25th: Petrograd flooded with a general strike: 200-240,000 workers
27th: 1/2 of Petrograd Garrison mutinied and city comes under control of the crowds
1st-3rd March: Tsar attempts to return to Petrograd, ends up abdicating to the Provisional Government

effect: tsardom is overthrown and the Provisional Government come into power

19
Q

Dual Power

A

Provisional Government held the responsibility, Petrograd Soviet held the power

Russia became politically fragile as the PG was weak but Soviet didn’t want to take power

Prov Gov lacked power as the soldiers belonged to the PG and disbanded their police force. They also thought it wasn’t liberal to repress opposition.

PG was dominated by soldiers 2:1, didn’t want to take power as they believed Russia should follow an orthodox Marxist path.

Soviet Order No.1 allowed the PG to undermine the Prov Gov

20
Q

April Crisis

A

20th-21st April 1917

cause: people wanted Russia’s involvement in the war to end

Prov Gov announced that they would only fight until they were in a position of bargaining power with Germany. People were dissatisfied, so they said they’d end Russia’s involvement.

Pavel Milyukov wrote a secret letter saying they would remain as France and Britain’s allies, which was leaked

effect: soldiers and workers were angered and felt betrayed by the Prov Gov

21
Q

Bolshevik’s leadership

A
  • Exclusive membership
  • Democratic centralism: central committee of experts that made decisions within the party
  • Vanguard party: small group of revolutionary professionals that led the workers to victory

Lenin published his April Theses (7th April 1917) criticising the capitalist war, calling for a Soviet government

22
Q

Changes to Classes in 1917

A

Peasants: promised that the land question would be solved by the constituent assembly, but were impatient and seized land illegally

Army: army started to democratise after Soviet Order No.1 w the formation of soldier’s committees, gaining more power over their lives.

Workers: resented their poor treatment, began forming militias called the Red Guards and striking more frequently (500,000 striking between April-July 1917).

Bolsheviks set up the Military Organisation, arming and training workers to join the red guards - 20,000 trained by July 1917

23
Q

June Offensive

A

cause: prov gov felt compelled to help Britain and France out as they were helping them out financially

Alexander Kerensky launched the June Offensive on Austro-Hungary to revive patriotism and support in the gov

400,000 casualties, 48 battalions mutinied 400,000 soldiers deserted

effect: displayed the prov gov’s lack of authority, poor morale and effects of war weariness

24
Q

July Days

A
  • disgruntled workers, soldiers and sailors took matters into their own hand and initiated an uprising
  • Bolsheviks didn’t support it as they believed the timing wasn’t right
  • Prov gov blamed the protests on the Bolsheviks, publishing that they were allegedly German spies and funded by them
  • 700 demonstrators killed/wounded, 800 Bolsheviks arrested, leaders charged for treason

effects: showed that spontaneous uprisings were easily defeated, and that the prov gov was willing to use violence to defend itself

25
Q

Kornilov Affair

A

22nd-27th August 1917

  • Kornilov, a cossack and commander of the Russian Army, was suspicious of Kerensky and vice versa
  • miscommunication led to them betraying one another
  • Kornilov advanced his ment towards Petrograd, Kerensky freaked and asked the Petrograd Soviet for help who couldn’t easily mobilise
  • Bolshevik Military Organisation stepped in and the Red Guards defended the city

effect: repaired the Bolsheviks’ reputation following the July Days, they gained 40,000 rifles and showed Kerensky’s inability to manage a crisis

26
Q

Bolsheviks’ Ascension

A

Creation of the Milrevkom (by PG), asserting control over the military, defying the PG

Trotsky’s powerful orating skills and administrative skills helped the Bolsheviks rise in popularity.

27
Q

October Revolution

A

24th Oct 1917: Kerensky ordered the closure of Bolshevik newspapers

25th Oct 1917: Lenin drafted a proclamation that the Milrevkom was assuming power; they entered the Winter palace and were accused of a coup

30th Oct 1917: Bolsheviks seized Moscow by force, by mid-nov nearly all Russian cities were under Bolshevik control.

History Revolutions (2 decks)

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