Unit 3 AOS 1 Flashcards
Health and wellbeing
is a concept that refers to the state of an individual’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.
The five dimensions of health and wellbeing are:
physical
social
emotional
mental
spiritual.
Physical health and wellbeing
Physical health and wellbeing relates to the state and functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.
Factors that relate to physical health and wellbeing include body weight, fitness, energy levels and the absence or presence of disease or illness.
physical health and wellbeing charactistics
optimal blood pressure, absence of disease illness and injury, appropriate levels of fitness, optiaml energy levels, healthy body weight, physical capacity to peform daily tasks
Social health and wellbeing
Social health and wellbeing relates to the state and quality of the interactions and relationships that an individual has with other people.
charactistics of social health and wellbeing
productive relationships wiht other people, supportive and well functioning family, manage and adapt to different social situations, effective comminication
Emotional health and wellbeing
Emotional health and wellbeing is defined as the ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions, as well as the ability to display resilience.
charactistics of emotional health and wellbeing
high levels of resilence, recognising emotional actions, expereincing appropraite emotions, effectively express and managin emotions
Mental health and wellbeing
Mental health and wellbeing relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information.
Optimal mental health and wellbeing enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic. It also relates to the current state of the mind, the nature of the thoughts experienced and how a person feels about themselves.
charactistics of mental health and wellbeing
low levels of stress and anxiety, optimal self esteem, high levels of confidence, ability to think and processs information, use logic and reasoning to form opinions and make decisions, postiiev thought patterns
Spiritual health and wellbeing
Spiritual health and wellbeing relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings.
charactistics of spiritual health and wellbeing
experiencing peace and hope, sense of belonging and connection to the world, developed personal values and beliefs, having meaning place and purpose in life, acting according to values and beliefs
Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource for individuals
sleep well, work productively, reduced healthcare costs, gain an education, earn an income, exercise, spend time with friends, live independently, increase leisure time
Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource for countries
increased soical participation, longer healthier lives, health system savings, fewer people relying on social security, increased productivity, higher average incomes, reduced stress and anxiety in the community.
Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource globally
promotes sustaiabiluty, reduces risk of disease transmission between countries, assists in promoting peace and stability, promotes economic development, promotes social development
health status
an individual’s or population’s overall level of health and wellbeing taking into account various indicators such as life expectancy, mortality and morbidity
health indicators
standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status (e.g. life expectancy, mortality rates, morbidity rates)
self-assessed health status
‘An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general’
life expectancy
the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth
health-adjusted life expectancy
the average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury
mortality
relates to death, often at a population level
mortality rate
the measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one-year period (usually per 100 000); sometimes referred to as ‘death rate’
infant mortality rate
the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births
under-5 mortality rate (U5MR)
the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births
maternal mortality ratio
the number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100 000 women who give birth (or per 100 000 live births)
infant mortality
deaths in children between birth and their first birthday
morbidity
ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population (often expressed through incidence and prevalence)
incidence
refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period (usually 12 months)
prevalence
the total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time
burden of disease
a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY
DALY
a measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death.
DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability for people living with the health condition or its consequences
years of life lost (YLL)
a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
years lived with disability (YLD)
a measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease, injury or disability
biological factors that impact health status and health and wellbeing
Body weight, age, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, glucose regulation, birth weight, genetics
overweight and obesity impact health status and health and wellbeing
increases the strain on the heart resulting in higher prevalence of cvd whihc can increase mortality rates.
Can contribute to higher reates of type 2 diabetes which can increase the incidnce of kidney disease and contribute to lower life expectancy.
can place extra strain on joints which can lead to arthiritis.
people experiening obesity may face social exclusion and discrimination leading to low self-esteem
age impact health status and health and wellbeing
ageing increases the incidence and prevalence of a range of conditions, including hearing loss, back and neck pain, dementia, osteoarthriitis.
decerased levels of fitness and aerobioc capacity decreases the ability to complete some activities- reduced bone density contributing to an increased risk of fractures.
hypertension impact health status and health and wellbeing
can increase risk of heart attack and lead to higher rates of premature death
can contribute to kidney failure which can lead to higher rates of morbidity
symptoms associatesd with hypertension cna reduce an individuals ability to continue with daily activites- reduced social interactions, reduced physical health
genetics impact health status and health and wellbeing
Genetics increases the risk of certain conditions among females compared to males such as osteroporosis contriubting to higher morbidity rates of this condition among females
hormones can contribute to higher rates of risk taking behaviours among males compared to females contributing to higher rates of injury deaths
gentic plays a role in determining peoples personalities some people are more outgoing which can lead to more social interactions and imporved soical health and wellbeing
socioeconomic impact on helath status and health and wellbeing
lack of money for health care can mean conditions go untreated increasing rates of morbidity
lack of moeny for social activities can reduce quality of relationships
sociocultural factors that impact health status and health and wellbeing
ses, employment status, social exclusion, cultural background, food security, early life experiences, access to health care, commercial factors
social exclusion impact on helath status and health and wellbeing
increased risk-taking behaviours, such as smoking and vaping, alcohol and drug misuse
higher prevalence of some cancers, cvd, and respiratory diesases
can increase the risk of injuries from impaired motor control (alcohol use) leading to physical pain
cultural background impact on health status and health and wellbeing
some religions are forbidden to receive blood transfusions which can increase mrobidity and mortality rates
religion can provide a sense of hope and a purpose in life and provide a community that often bands together in times of challenge
early life experiences impact on health status and health and wellbeing
low birth weight increases the risk of death during infancy increasing the infant mortaility rate
if the resoutatory system is impacted the indiviudals may find excerising difficult which results in lower levels of fitness and high body weight
food security impact of health status and health and wellbeing
lack of financial resources can elead to an inability to afford nutritiious foods which can lead to increased rates of obesity and associated condtions such as type 2 diabetes and some cancers
if an individual is unsure where their next meal will come from they can expereince increased levels of stress
commercial factors impacting health status and health and wellbeing
Increased consumption of products such as alcohol and energy-dense foods can increase the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, some cancers and cardiovascular disease, which can all contribute to increased mortality rates.
exposure to air pollution can contribute to higher morbidity rates due to respitatory conditions like asthma
noise pollucation can prevent people from acheiving people from achieiving adequate sleep, leading to increased levels of stress and lower levels of energy
environmental factors
work envionment, urban design and infrastructure, climate change, housing
housing impact on health status and health and wellbeing
overcrowded conditions place added strain on bathroom, kitchen and laundry facilities which cna lead to unsanitary conditions increasing the incidence of of infectious diseases.
it an impact self esteem and social interactions by reducing engagement in education and employemnt because people struggle to complete daily chores including homework
work enviornment impact on health status and helath adn wellbeing
many workplaces have risk associated with the specific enviornment in which the work is carried out, people working on farms and often use of heavy machinery can increase the incidence of workplace injuries and even death increasing mortality rates
workers may experience increased levels of stress and anxiety if they work in a high risk environemnt if they sustain an injury they may experience signficant levels of pain
urban design and infrastructure
being able to access publuic transport can assist people particulary those with limited mobility in accessing resources such as education, employment, food and health care whihc can be managed reducing levels potentially reducing the risk of premature death lowering mortality rates
being able to access education may feel a sense of achievement which can promote self esteem
The impact of smoking and vaping on health status in Australia
Smoking narrows the arteries to your brain, acusing htem to become blocked causing strokes.
smoking causes cancers affecting the mouth and throat
smoking during pregnancy reduces the flow of blood increasing the risk of miscarriage, prematrue birth, still birth.
The impact of alcohol on health status in Australia
alcohol consumption can increase the risk of bieng overweight or obese as it contains kjs
consuming alcohol during pregnancy affects health incuding raising the risk of premature death, low birth weight, feat alcohol spectrum disorder
The impact of overweight and obesity on health status in Australia
high bmi places greater strain on the heart which increases the incidence and prevalence of hypertension and cvd
places greater strain on the joints increasing the prevalence of arthiritis
The impact of a low intake of fibre
Fibre also assists in reducing blood glucose and cholesterol levels, and promoting digestive health. Low intake is therefore a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer.
impacts of underconsumption of fruit and vegetables
low intact increases the risk of obesity, cancer cvd and type 2 diabetes
impacts of underconsumption of dairy
low intake can lead to osteoporosis, decreasing the bone density, making bones brittle and more likely to break or fracture
impact of high intake of fat
high intake of fat contriubutes to weight gain
monounsaturated fats decrease LDL (bad) cholesterol and protects people from cvd
polyunsatured increase HDL (good) and decrease LDL (bad) cholesterol decreasesing the risk of cvd
trans and saturated fats increase LDL cholesterol and increase risk of cvd
high intake of salt
sodium is responsible for regulating blood pressure and volume
high itnake is a risk factor for cvd and hypertension
high intake of sugar
leads to overweights and obesity because glucose is quickyly released into the blood stream
Overconsumption of sugar can increase triglycerides in the blood and increases risk of coronary heart disease – this is particularly the case for simple carbs such as lollies or soft drink.
increases the risk of diabetes
