UNIT 3 AOS 1 Flashcards
What is a motor skill?
Is any bodily movement used to achieve a specific goa
What is a Fine Motor Skill?
Involves the use of small muscle groups and senses such as touch and sight
What is a Gross Motor Skill?
The use of multiple large muscle groups and actions to produce coordinated movements
What is a discrete motor skill?
Involves movements that are of brief duration with a clear beginning and end
What is a serial motor skill?
A series of discrete motor skills strung together to create a more complex motor skill
What is a continuous motor skill?
Motor skills that have no clear beginning and ending to the movement pattern
What is Fine Motor Skills for?
For accuracy and precision
What is Gross Motor Skills for?
Strength, Speed, Muscular Power and Coordination
What are the influences of Movement?
Individual
Task-Related
Environmental
What is the link between Motor Skill Development, Participation and Performance?
The more developed a persons motor skills are the more likely they are to participate in more activities, thus improving their performance in those activities
- As motor skills develop, so do performance levels
- Motor skills can be an enabler or a barrier to movement skill development
- People are more likely to enjoy/motivated an activity and perform well if they have the skills required for it a person lacking the skills may lack the confidence to participate
What are the steps of Qualitative Movement Analysis?
Preparation
Observation
Evaluation
Error Correction
Cognitive Stage of Learning
Their attention will be on movement production and performance will be inconsistent, with stiff and unrelaxed movements
Associative Stage of Learning
More consistent and fewer errors are made
Autonomous Stage of Learning
Attention can be focused in external cues and opponents
Massed Practice
Less frequent sessions but last longer period of time
Distributed Practice
Shorter and more frequent sessions
Blocked Practice
Involves practicing the same skill continuously without changing to a different task
Random Practice
Involves varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session
Intrinsic Feedback
Information that the performed receives directly from their sensory systems
Augmented Feedback
Information about the skill performance that comes from an external source
Knowledge of Performance
Feedback on how well the skill is performed
Used when learning most movement skills
Knowledge of Results
Is information related to the outcome of the skill
Used when the learner cannot work out themselves
Sociocultural Factors
Family
Peers
Gender
Cultural Norms
Community
Socioeconomic Status
Linear Motion
The term motion refers to a body’s change in position in relation to time
Angular Motion
When a body moves along a circular path at the same angle in the same direction, at the same time
Torque
Is the tendency of an object to rotate (application of spin)
Moment of Inertia
Is the product of the distribution of the mass of the object and the axis when it rotates
Formula for Moment of Inertia
MOI = Mass (kg) x Radius (Squared)
Linear Momentum
Is a measure of the amount of motion a body of mass has and its resistance to changing that motion
Formula for Linear Momentum
Momentum= Mass x Velocity
Conservation of Momentum
Whenever two bodies collide the combined momentum of the two bodies is conserved. The total momentum of the system before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision
Angular Momentum
It is the amount of angular motion possessed by the body
Formula of Angular Momentum
Angular Momentum = Moment of Inertia x Angular Velocity
Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object will remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
A force applied to an object will produce a change in motion (acceleration) of the applied force that is directly proportional to the size of the force.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Impulse
Is the amount of force required to change the momentum of an object
Formula of Impulse
Impulse = Force x Time
Linear Displacement
Is the difference between the initial position and final position of an object
Linear Distance
The total distance of sum path all travelled
Angular Displacement
The difference between the initial and final angular position of the object
Formula of Speed
Speed = Distance/Time
Formula of Velocity
Velocity = Displacement/Time
Speed of Release
The greater the force applied to the projectile, the greater the speed and further it will travel.
Angle of Release
Where maximal distance of a projectile is required the optimal angle is release is 45 degrees
Height of Release
Where the release height is greater than the landing height, the optimal angle of release for distance would be slightly lower
Levers
Is a simple machine that consists of a rigid bean that rotates around a fixed point
First Class Levers
Have the axis central to the force and resistance ( F A R )
Third Class Levers
To move a body part force needs to be applied by the muscles to change the angle of a joint (axis) ( A F R)
Benefits of a Third Class Lever
There is an increase of resistance arm which allows a greater speed, greater range of motion and greater velocity
Equilibrium
Refers to a state in which there is a balance of forces or influences in opposition to each other
Static Equilibrium
In the state in which a body has zero velocity and zero acceleration. A body is equilibrium is when the sum of all forces and sum of all moments acting on the body is zero.
Dynamic Equilibrium
Is the state in which a body is in motion with a constant velocity
Centre of Gravity
Is the central point of an object, about which all of its weight is evenly distributed and balanced
Line of Gravity
An imaginary line which passes through the centre of gravity and continues down into the centre of an objects base of support
Base of Support
Refers to the area of an object that is in contact with the surface supporting it.
How to increase Stability and Balance?
- Lower the objects centre of gravity
- Ensure the line of gravity is over the base of support
- Increase the size base of support
- Increase the friction between two or more bodies/surfaces
- Extend the base of support in the direction of the oncoming force
How to reduce balance and stability and increase the speed and agility?
- Raise an object’s centre of gravity
- Shift the line of gravity outside the base of support
- Narrow the base of support
- Decrease the friction between the two or more bodies
- Decrease the mass of an object
Direct Approach to Learning
Learners are given explicit instruction about skill execution and tactical awareness
The coaches organizes highly structured drills, provides bulk of the feedback to the learner regarding their skill errors
Perception-Action Coupling
- Describes the reciprocal relationship between what the performer sees (perception) and the actions they take; that is the performer’s perception influences their actions, and , in turn their actions influence what they see. This relationship between perception and action underlines the importance of using games in practice.
Principle of Diminishing Return
Early improvement is rapid, as the athlete progresses the rate of improvement reduces
Inertia
A term that is used to describe the reluctance of a body to change its state of motion and is closely linked to mass
What is Preparation?
The analyst or the coach should gather knowledge or information about The critical features of the skill
What is Observation?
Occurs by watching the performer or recording them using technology and then repeatedly observing the critical features
The details of what is being observed should be planned in the preparation stage.
What is Evaluation?
Evaluating the features of the skill that were established during the preparation and observed during observation
Two methods can be followed here: sequential method involves comparting mental pictures of the body positions throughout the movement and comparing them to desirable phases through the skill.
Mechanical method - applies mechanical principles such as sequential force summation, optimal body positioning and joint range of motion
What is Error Correction?
Error Correction
- Coaches now need to provide
- Verbal feedback
- Physical conditioning
- Modified part practice
- Provide the athlete with a visual model
- Mechanical guidance
- The type of error correction and the complexity of the feedback needs to be appropriate to the level of the athlete’s performance.
Terminal Feeback
Information and feedback given at the end of the performance
Concurrent Feedback
Is information or feedback given during the performance
