UNIT 3 AOS 1 Flashcards
Define self-assessed health status
An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys.
Define life expectancy
The number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth
Define Health adjusted life expectancy
The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury
Define mortality rate
The measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one year period usually per 100,000
Define infant mortality rate
The rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births
Define under-five mortality rate (U5MR)
The number of deaths of children under five years of ager per 1000 live births
Define maternal mortality rate
The number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100,000 women who give birth or per 100,000 live births
Define disability adjusted life year (DALY)
It is a measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability for people living with the health condition or its consequences
Define Years of life lost (YLL)
A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
Define Years lost due to disability (YLD)
A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease, injury or disability
How does smoking contribute to CVD and cancer?
Tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate which can contribute to hypertension.
Tobacco smoke can cause a fault in body cells when they divide. As a result the cell is more likely to have a mutation which can lead to a tumour and ultimately cancer.
How does alcohol contribute to a high BMI and liver disease?
Alcohol contains kilojoules and when an individual excessively consumes alcohol and this energy is not burnt off, it can result in a kilojoule laden leading to fatty tissue developing thus contributing to weight gain and ultimately a high BMI.
Alcohol is filtered through the liver. Excessive consumption can cause scarring of the liver tissue, which can lead to the liver not functioning properly and toxins remaining in the body. Over time, this can lead to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver.
How does a high BMI contribute to CVD and Osteoarthritis
High body mass index usually means there is a greater strain on the heart, which increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke.
High body mass index puts more pressure on joints, which can contribute to osteoarthritis, which is characterised by cartilage being worn down.
What happens as a result of an underconsumption of vegetables?
Vegetables are a source of anti-oxidants which work to neutralise free-radicals in the body. If these free-radicals are not neutralised, there is an increased risk of cancer, such as colorectal cancer.
What happens as a result of an underconsumption of fruits?
People who eat adequate amounts of fruit are likely to feel full for longer and are therefore less likely to consume energy dense foods. This assists in protecting against weight gain,
high body mass index and associated conditions.
