UNIT 3: Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy:
- A structure or part of the body
Physiology:
-The function of a structure
How are organisms organized? Atoms, molecules etc
Atoms
molecules
cells
tissue
organ
organ system
What are cells?
Cells are often referred to as the building blocks of life.
Explain homeostasis and give examples
The ability to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes
examples: shivering, sweating
What is the function of Skeletal System
Protection: The cranium and ribs protect the brain and vital organs in the chest
Shape: Gives shapes to the body and naked you tall or short
Support: Holds your vital organs in place when playing sport. The vertebral column hold your body upright
Movement: Muscles are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move
Blood Production: Red blood cells (carry O2) and white blood cells (protect against infections) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones
How many bones are in an adult skeleton?
206
Why do babies have more bones?
- Much of that bone is cartilage. These eventually fuse (grow together) to form the bones that adults have.
The bones
- cranium
-mandible - clavacal
-scapula
-sternum
-ribs
-humerus
-Radius
-Ulna
-Ilium
-sacrum
-pubis
-ischium
-carpals
-metacarples
-phalanges
-femur
-patella
-tibula
-fibula
-tarsals - metatarlas
-phalanges
Describe the structure of a bone.
- The outer surface of bone is called the __Periosteum_
-Smooth and hard bone that comes after __Periosteum_ is compact bone
-Within the compact bone are many layers of ______spongy__________________ bone,
-The spongy bone protects the innermost part of the bone, the bone marrow which makes platlets, white blood cells and red blood cells
-
What is the smooth and hard bone that comes after __Periosteum_
compact bone
Within the compact bone are many layers of
spongy__________________ bone,
The last part of the bone is
The spongy bone protects the innermost part of the bone, the bone marrow
ligament
connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
tendon
strong, flexible tissue,Tendons connect your muscles to your bones.
cartilage
strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones
What are some bone diseases? How are they treated/prevented?
osteoporosis and osteopenia, they are bone loss diseases
-treatment may include: recommending nutritional guidance. making lifestyle changes such as performing more physical activity and quitting smoking
What is the function of Cardiovascular System
- to pump nuitrents, O2 and to bring CO2 to be expelled out the body
flow of blood through the heart in the correct order.
- Oxygen-poor blood from the body collects in the vena cava
-Oxygen-poor blood moves from the vena cava into the right atrium
- Blood moves from the right atrium into the right ventricle
-Blood leaves the right ventricle and flows into the pulmonary artery
- Oxygen-poor blood enters the lung and picks up a fresh supply of oxygen
-Oxygen-rich blood leaves the lungs and enters the pulmonary vein on the way back to the heart
-Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium
-Blood moves from the left atrium into the left ventricle
- Oxygen-rich blood enters the aorta
- Oxygen-rich blood is distributed throughout the body
different layers of the heart?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Pericardium
Epicardium
Outside layer
Thin layer
Connective tissue and fat
Outside of myocardium is covered by epicardium
Myocardium
Thick cardiac muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation of heart
EndocardiumInner
Inner lining of heart
smooth membrane
Lines chambers of heart and valves
Covers inside if blood vessels of the cardiovascular system
Pericardium
Tough membrane that is protection for heart
Not directly connected to heart
Has two layers
Has fluid which acts like a lubricant which allows for free movement
What is it called when the pericardium is inflamed?
Disease called pericarditis can occur when fibrous sac becomes inflamed
How does the heart supply itself?
- Coronary arteries
What is atherosclerosis?
When Coronary Arteries get Completely Blocked
What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
- Pulmonary circuit is circulating blood between heart and lungs
- Systemic is circuilt is providing blood to all body tissue
What is the function of Respiratory System
- bringing O2 to cells to be transported around body and expelling CO2
- Also providing gas exchange
Parts of respriatory sysetm system
- Nose (nostrils):
-Nasal Cavity:
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi and Bronchioles:
-lungs
-Alveoli
How does the epiglottis work?
- covers larynx and prevents food from getting into respiratory system
What is cilia and how does it help you?
cilia protect the respiratory system by trapping dirt and other particulate matter in the inspired air and brushing it out of the respiratory tract.
How do capillaries relate to the respiratory system?
Gasses are exchanged between the alveoli and capilaires
trace path of O2 molecule from trachea all the way to breathing out CO2
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Brionchioles
-Alveoli
-gas excahnge
-pulmonary veins
left atrium
-left ventricule
-aorta
-arteries to body cells
-capilaries
-gas exchange
veins
vena cava (superiori and inferior vena cava)
-Right atrium
-right ventricle (valves i.e tricupsid valve)
-Pulmonary artery
-coronary heart
-breathing out CO2
What is the function of Nervous System
Neurons gather and transmit electrochemical signals.
What is a reflex? How does it work?
involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus
What is the difference between a motor and a sensory neuron?
Motor neurons send the signals to make the hand move away
The sensory neurons are signals sent to the spinal cord
Sensory comes first then motor
What is the CNS?
The CNS (brain and spinal cord) are covered by bone and vertebrae, for protection. In addition, fluid and tissue also insulate the brain and spinal cord.
What is the PNS?
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of: nerves (neurons)
The nerves inside the cranium (skull) are called: cranial nerves
The nerves that leave the spine are called: spinal nerves
How can you assess for brain damage?
-PUPIL DILATION
-GLASGOW COMA SCALE
ABNORMALITIES:
- PUPILS NOT DIALTING OR CONSRTICING EITHER WHEN LIGHT IS SHINED OR TAKEN AWAY
PEARL-: pupils, equal and reactive to light
(this means everything is working!)
What is a concussion?
when the brain jiggles inside the skull
What is CTE? How was it discovered?
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a brain disease caused by multiple blows/hits to the head. Iyt causes erratic behaviour including memory loss, thoughts of suicide, agitation.
-Found after famous football player doied of a heartattack and Bennet Omalu took a look inside his brain to see abnormal protien deposits
How was the NFL involved? What did they cover up?
-NFL did not want to take blame for many of their plays possibly have CTE, they tried silencing Bennet and calling his work a hoax
Know the parts of the brain and what they are responsible for
Frontal Lobe:
Parietal Lobe:
Occipital Lobe:
Temporal Lobe:
Cerebellum:
Medulla (part of the brain stem):
Frontal Lobe:
Voluntary movements
Executive functions
expressive functions
Parietal Lobe:
receiving sensory inputs like touching
makes up our mental map
body awareness
Occipital Lobe:
object and facial recognition
assessing depth
mapping world
Temporal Lobe:
production of speech
Recognizing language
speech comprehension
What is the function of digestive system
- absorb nuitrents
-break down food
-ingest, digest, break down, absosrb and egest food
Review the digestive system pathway starting with the mouth.
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine (vili for max surface area for absorption)
Large Intestine
Rectum
What does the epiglottis do when you swallow?
- cover larynx to prvent food from getting into respriatory tract
Where does “digestion” (absorption of nutrients) occur?
small intestine
Where does the water get absorbed from your digested food into the capillaries?
large intestine
What makes your food move one direction through the long tube
peristalsis movement
gallbladder
-stores bile
liver
makes bile and filters out toxins
pancreas
- makes insulin to help sugar levels
Function of lymphatic system
- transport lyphm fluidthat was lost during gas excahnge from capilaires back to heart through lyphm vessels
-returns the interstitial fluid to the thoracic duct and then to the bloodstream,
lymphatic system is similar to…
circulatory system and work together when cqapilqaries leak fluid the lyphm system picks it up
Interpret the health of your patient:
a) sore “glands” on the neck that you can feel about the size of a pea.
b) Swollen ankles
a) infection such as strept throath
b)Edema- The abnormal accumulation of fluid in certain tissues within the body. The accumulation of fluid may be under the skin - usually in dependent areas such as the legs or ankels
How does excess fluid from swelling “disappear”?
- by elvating your feet, it helps the fluid return back to your heart
What is weeping legs caused by?
leg swelling due to congestive heart failure is very common.
The swelling is due to excess fluid that backs up because the heart muscle is weak and cannot pump well.
