Unit 3 anatomy and physiology

Question 1

Cells- functions

Answer 1

Respiration- require and absorb oxygen to produce heat and energy
Growth- Grow to maturity by manufacturing proteins and may then divide or specialize
Excretion- Waste products pass out through cell membrane
Irritability- Can respond to physical, chemical or thermal stimulus

Question 2

Parts of the cell

Answer 2

Mitochondria- Generate chemical energy needed for biochemical reactions “power house of the cell”
centrioles- Essential for cell division
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- Synthesizes lipids and steroids
Cell membrane- Allows exit and entry of the cell
Ribosomes- Made of RNA and protein- manufacture other proteins
Cytoplasm- Transports around the cell
nucleus- Houses genetic information “brain of the cell”
Rough endoplasmic reticulum- protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus- Modifies and stores manufactured protein and transports out the cell
Lysosomes- Contain enzymes which digest worn out parts of the cell
Nuclear Membrane- Separates contents of the nucleus from cytoplasm

Question 3

Cell division

Answer 3

Human cells reproduce through mitosis when structures like chromosomes and centrioles replicate. The cell then divides into 2 identical daughter cells.

Question 4

connective tissue

Answer 4

Has a supportive structural role.
Functions:
1. Structural support (for bones and cartilage and areolar tissue which bonds tissues like skin and muscle
2. protect
3. Transport (substances in the blood)
4. insulate (Adipose tissue has fatty deposits to prevent heat loss)
Main types:
Cartilage
Adipose
Areolar
Bone
Blood

Question 5

Epithelial tissue

Answer 5

Thin sheets of epithelial cells make up coverings and linings of the blood and organs and organ systems
Functions:
Protect (skin protects internal tissues and organs)
Secrete (Goblet cells in lining of the digestive system secrete enzymes and mucous)
Absorb (Lining of the lungs absorbs oxygen from the air)
Simple epithelial tissue:
1.Simple cuboidal
2.Simple squamous
3.Simple columnar
4. Ciliated
Compound epithelial tissue
1. Simple compound epithelium (Consists of several layers of cells, the outer layer may be worn away)
2. Keratinised compound epithelium (like our skin, outer layers of cells are dead, flattened and filled with keratin, gives the tissue waterproof layer)

Question 6

Muscle tissue

Answer 6

Contraction of muscle tissue gives movement and aids internal processes like digestion
types:
1.Striated (under conscious control allows movement of bones)
2.Non- striated (concerned with internal processes like peristalsis)
3. cardiac (found only in heart wall. not under conscious control and never tires)
Characteristics:
Contractibility (shorten and thicken)
irritability (ability to respond to stimuli)
Extensibility (stretch)
elasticity (ability to return to original shape after contraction)

Question 7

nervous tissue

Answer 7

conducts electrical impulses through the body enabling fast transfer of info
neurones: Specialized nerve cell that receives stimuli, converts it to a nerve impulse and transmits to other neurones, glands, muscles occur as single cells in groups in centrain body areas

Question 8

Cardiovascular system- organs

Answer 8

blood, blood vessels, heart

Question 9

Cardiovascular system- heart function

Answer 9

Heart delivers a constant blood flow to all tissues around the body.
Measurements:
Heart rate: 60-80 beats per min. monitored feeling pulses.
Stroke volume: Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one contraction- volume of blood in ventricles before they contract
Blood pressure: force exerted by blood on vessel walls. Systolic Bp- pressure produced arterial system when the left ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the aorta. Diastolic Bp- pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting (cardiac diastole)
Cardiac cycle:
1. atria and ventricles relax (diastole) they fill with blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein
2. The atria contract (systole) squeezing more blood into ventricles
3. ventricles contract squeezing blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta
Heart beat- transmitted by nervous impulses, arrival of the impulses at each of the four sites causes a wave of contraction of the cardiac muscle
regulation- sympathetic nervous system speeds up hr. parasympathetic system slows it down. Adrenaline also causes hr to increase during ‘fight, flight, fright’ response.

Question 10

Cardiovascular system-

Question 11

Cardiovascular system- organs

Answer 11

blood vessels, heart, blood

Question 12

cardiovascular system- structure and function

Answer 12

delivers a constant flow of blood to tissues.
measurements:
heart rate: 60 to 80 bpm. can be monitored feeling the pulse.
Stroke volume: amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 contraction