UNIT 3 Flashcards
Which of the following is an example of a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
FR 1
Which of the following best defines a ratio
schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is provided following a prespecified number of responses
Which of the following best defines an interval
schedule of reinforcement?
. Deliver stimuli known in other contexts to
be reinforcers solely on the basis of time,
independent of responding
Which of the following best defines a responseindependent schedule of reinforcement?
a. t s without response, then 1 response
Which of the following best defines
differential reinforcement of other behavior
(DRO)?
. t s without a response
Which of the following best defines a skill
deficit?
Task materials and relevant instructions do
not occasion predetermined level of
performance in absence of prompts
Which of the following best defines a
performance deficit?
b. The skill is intact, but the person is
unmotivated to respond under appropriate
stimulus conditions
Which of the following patterns of responding
following supplemental reinforcement for
correct responding suggest a performance
deficit?
Responding very rapidly increases
Which of the following best defines a
shaping?
Some property of responding is gradually
changed by differentially reinforcing
successive approximations to target
behavior
In shaping, infrequent reinforcer
delivery can result in which of the
following?
Decrease or extinguish responding
In a lag 5 reinforcement schedule, the
current response is reinforced if:
It differs from the last 5 preceding
responses along the specified dimension
In what order are prompts provided in
least-to-most prompting?
d. Verbal, gestural, physical guidance
qReinforcing only unprompted correct
responses may lead to which of the
following?
. Infrequent reinforcers
What is the ultimate goal of
prompting?
. Promote responding following gestural
prompt
Under what conditions is independent
responding likely to be more rapidly
acquired or increase more reliably?
Reinforce unprompted responses only
Which of the following best describe a
possible intrinsic reward?
. The music that comes from playing an
instrument
q According to the overjustification hypothesis, reinforcement contingencies (\_\_\_\_\_\_ rewards) lead to decrements in enjoyment (\_\_\_\_\_\_ rewards) and thus result in decreases in engagement.
. Extrinsic; intrinsic
qAll of the following may account for
what appears to be lessened intrinsic
motivation, EXCEPT which?
Deprivation
Under what conditions do
overjustification effects appear to be
more pronounced?
. When behavior already occurs at a high
level
. Describe shaping
Some property of responding is gradually changed by differentially reinforcing successive approximations to target behavior § Used when target responses are sufficiently complex or of sufficiently low probability that they are unlikely to be emitted without this gradual intervention q Extinction component of shaping increases response variability, allowing novel response forms to contact reinforcement
Describe methods to increase
response diversity
To increase response diversity
§ Extinction induced variation
§ Lag-reinforcement schedules
§ Type of percentile schedule
§ Lag = number of responses separating the
current response from an earlier one like it
§ In a lag x reinforcement schedule, the
current response is reinforced if it differs
from the last x preceding responses along
the specified dimension
. Describe how differential reinforcement
of prompted and unprompted
responding has been used to promote
independent responding
q Ultimate goal of prompting is to promote independent responding q Research has examined differential reinforcement of prompted and unprompted responding to achieve this goal, using: § Different reinforcement schedules § Different quality reinforcers
Describe intrinsic and extrinsic rewards
An intrinsic reward is naturally related to
the responses that produce it
§ An extrinsic reward is arbitrarily related to
the responses that produce it
Describe the overjustification
hypothesis
q Overjustification hypothesis: Reinforcement
contingencies (extrinsic rewards) lead to
decrements in enjoyment (intrinsic rewards)
and thus result in decreases in engagement
q Fueled controversy regarding use of
reinforcement in educational settings
§ “…extrinsic motivators—including A’s,
sometimes praise, and other rewards—are
not merely ineffective over the long haul but
counterproductive with respect to the things
that concern us most: desire to learn,
commitment to good values, and so on.” -
Alfie Kohn, Educational Leadership
Describe several factors that may
account for what appears to be
lessened intrinsic motivation
What may account for what appears to be lessened intrinsic motivation § Contrast effects • Changes in rate of reinforcement under one condition can produce an opposite change in rate of responding in another condition § Learned helplessness phenomena • In performance-independent reward, “It doesn’t matter how well I do”
Which of the following best describe a
possible intrinsic reward?
The music that comes from playing an
instrument
According to the overjustification hypothesis, reinforcement contingencies (\_\_\_\_\_\_ rewards) lead to decrements in enjoyment (\_\_\_\_\_\_ rewards) and thus result in decreases in engagement.
b. Extrinsic; intrinsic
All of the following may account for
what appears to be lessened intrinsic
motivation, EXCEPT which?
. Contrast effects
Under what conditions do
overjustification effects appear to be
more pronounced?
When behavior already occurs at a high
level
Reinforcer assessments
a. State the purpose of reinforcer
assessments
Stimulus preference assessments (SPAs) § Just a prediction § Conducted under extremely low effort requirements, often with simplistic responses § Predictions made under these conditions do not necessarily guarantee the utility of the stimulus in actual training or treatment
List general experimental
arrangements (methods)
General experimental arrangements for reinforcer assessments § Single-operant arrangement § Concurrent-schedule arrangement § Progressive ratio schedule arrangements § Demand curve
