UNIT 3 Flashcards
Which of the following is an example of a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
FR 1
Which of the following best defines a ratio
schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement is provided following a prespecified number of responses
Which of the following best defines an interval
schedule of reinforcement?
. Deliver stimuli known in other contexts to
be reinforcers solely on the basis of time,
independent of responding
Which of the following best defines a responseindependent schedule of reinforcement?
a. t s without response, then 1 response
Which of the following best defines
differential reinforcement of other behavior
(DRO)?
. t s without a response
Which of the following best defines a skill
deficit?
Task materials and relevant instructions do
not occasion predetermined level of
performance in absence of prompts
Which of the following best defines a
performance deficit?
b. The skill is intact, but the person is
unmotivated to respond under appropriate
stimulus conditions
Which of the following patterns of responding
following supplemental reinforcement for
correct responding suggest a performance
deficit?
Responding very rapidly increases
Which of the following best defines a
shaping?
Some property of responding is gradually
changed by differentially reinforcing
successive approximations to target
behavior
In shaping, infrequent reinforcer
delivery can result in which of the
following?
Decrease or extinguish responding
In a lag 5 reinforcement schedule, the
current response is reinforced if:
It differs from the last 5 preceding
responses along the specified dimension
In what order are prompts provided in
least-to-most prompting?
d. Verbal, gestural, physical guidance
qReinforcing only unprompted correct
responses may lead to which of the
following?
. Infrequent reinforcers
What is the ultimate goal of
prompting?
. Promote responding following gestural
prompt
Under what conditions is independent
responding likely to be more rapidly
acquired or increase more reliably?
Reinforce unprompted responses only
Which of the following best describe a
possible intrinsic reward?
. The music that comes from playing an
instrument
q According to the overjustification hypothesis, reinforcement contingencies (\_\_\_\_\_\_ rewards) lead to decrements in enjoyment (\_\_\_\_\_\_ rewards) and thus result in decreases in engagement.
. Extrinsic; intrinsic
qAll of the following may account for
what appears to be lessened intrinsic
motivation, EXCEPT which?
Deprivation
Under what conditions do
overjustification effects appear to be
more pronounced?
. When behavior already occurs at a high
level
. Describe shaping
Some property of responding is gradually changed by differentially reinforcing successive approximations to target behavior § Used when target responses are sufficiently complex or of sufficiently low probability that they are unlikely to be emitted without this gradual intervention q Extinction component of shaping increases response variability, allowing novel response forms to contact reinforcement
Describe methods to increase
response diversity
To increase response diversity
§ Extinction induced variation
§ Lag-reinforcement schedules
§ Type of percentile schedule
§ Lag = number of responses separating the
current response from an earlier one like it
§ In a lag x reinforcement schedule, the
current response is reinforced if it differs
from the last x preceding responses along
the specified dimension
. Describe how differential reinforcement
of prompted and unprompted
responding has been used to promote
independent responding
q Ultimate goal of prompting is to promote independent responding q Research has examined differential reinforcement of prompted and unprompted responding to achieve this goal, using: § Different reinforcement schedules § Different quality reinforcers
Describe intrinsic and extrinsic rewards
An intrinsic reward is naturally related to
the responses that produce it
§ An extrinsic reward is arbitrarily related to
the responses that produce it
Describe the overjustification
hypothesis
q Overjustification hypothesis: Reinforcement
contingencies (extrinsic rewards) lead to
decrements in enjoyment (intrinsic rewards)
and thus result in decreases in engagement
q Fueled controversy regarding use of
reinforcement in educational settings
§ “…extrinsic motivators—including A’s,
sometimes praise, and other rewards—are
not merely ineffective over the long haul but
counterproductive with respect to the things
that concern us most: desire to learn,
commitment to good values, and so on.” -
Alfie Kohn, Educational Leadership
Describe several factors that may
account for what appears to be
lessened intrinsic motivation
What may account for what appears to be lessened intrinsic motivation § Contrast effects • Changes in rate of reinforcement under one condition can produce an opposite change in rate of responding in another condition § Learned helplessness phenomena • In performance-independent reward, “It doesn’t matter how well I do”
Which of the following best describe a
possible intrinsic reward?
The music that comes from playing an
instrument
According to the overjustification hypothesis, reinforcement contingencies (\_\_\_\_\_\_ rewards) lead to decrements in enjoyment (\_\_\_\_\_\_ rewards) and thus result in decreases in engagement.
b. Extrinsic; intrinsic
All of the following may account for
what appears to be lessened intrinsic
motivation, EXCEPT which?
. Contrast effects
Under what conditions do
overjustification effects appear to be
more pronounced?
When behavior already occurs at a high
level
Reinforcer assessments
a. State the purpose of reinforcer
assessments
Stimulus preference assessments (SPAs) § Just a prediction § Conducted under extremely low effort requirements, often with simplistic responses § Predictions made under these conditions do not necessarily guarantee the utility of the stimulus in actual training or treatment
List general experimental
arrangements (methods)
General experimental arrangements for reinforcer assessments § Single-operant arrangement § Concurrent-schedule arrangement § Progressive ratio schedule arrangements § Demand curve
Describe the methods of reinforcer
assessments
Single-operant arrangement § Perhaps the most commonly used § Single reinforcement schedule is arranged (often) for a single response § Typically, FR schedule § DV = response rate or frequency § Compare to baseline rates
Concurrent-Schedule Arrangement
q Concurrent-schedule arrangement
§ More sensitive test of relative reinforcer
effectiveness
§ Multiple response options concurrently
available
§ Each associated with a distinct stimulus
delivered contingent upon appropriate
response
§ DV = relative response allocation across
available alternative
§ Often includes a control condition
Progressive Ratio Schedule
Arrangement
Progressive ratio (PR) schedule
arrangement
§ Special type of single-operant arrangement
• Differ from typical single-operant arrangements
with respect to how the schedule is thinned
§ Ratio requirement increases systematically
within a session, across successive “trials”
§ Session ends when participant ceases to
respond for pre-determined amount of time
§ Dependent measure = “break point,” value of
the last completed schedule requiremen
Demand Curves
Law of Demand:
All else being equal… § As unit price increases § Demand (consumption) decreases § And vice versa Demand Curve q Relates: § Unit price of the commodity § Total amount of a reinforcer that is consumed Demand curves § Allows one to look at choices under conditions of asymmetrical reinforcers and under various conditions of constraint
q Which of the following reinforcer
assessments may mask differences in
relative reinforcer efficacy?
Demand curves
Which of the following is the dependent
variable used for concurrent-schedule
reinforcer assessments?
Relative response allocation across
available alternatives
q Which of the following is the dependent
variable used for progressive ratio
reinforcer assessments?
. Last completed schedule requirement
According to the Law of Demand, all
else being equal…as unit price
________ demand (consumption)
________ and vice versa.
Increases; decreases
Describe the two step process for
identifying reinforcers
Two step process:
1. Conduct SPA to determine its predictions
about relative reinforcer efficacy
2. Then, test those predictions using one of
the reinforcer assessment methods just
described
Describe the three general categories
of preference assessments
qThree general categories
1. Indirect preference assessment (client
or caregiver report)
2. Naturalistic (in-vivo) direct observation
3. Direct preference assessment (free
operant or approach based)
qDiffer in effort and accuracy
List advantages and limitations of the
three general categories
Advantages -Least effortful Limita4ons SubjecKve • Results do not always correspond to direct PAs • SKmuli idenKfied from direct PAs more likely to funcKon as reinforcers
NaturalisKc
observaKon
Advantages ObjecKve • More valid than indirect PA Limitations-Time consuming • Limited to sKmuli available in natural environment
Direct PA
Advantages Most accurate • SKmuli not limited Limitations Time consuming
Which of the following type of preference
assessment is generally least effortful?
Indirect
q According to Graff and Karsten (2012),
which preference assessment method
was most commonly used across all
respondents?
a. Informal observation
Approach or selection-based
preference assessments
a. Describe the methods
q Approach or selection-based preference assessments § Items are presented systematically to produce preference hierarchies § Variations differ with respect to how many items are presented during a given trial § Preference hierarchies are derived from calculations of the number of times a stimulus is selected given the number of times each is available
Which of the following best describes
how stimuli are presented in the multiple
stimulus preference assessments?
Present all items in the array
simultaneously
Selected items are not returned to the
array in which type of preference
assessment method?
Multiple stimulus without replacement
Which of the following preference
assessment methods may be most prone
to false positives
Single-item/approach
q Which of the following preference
assessment methods may be more
sensitive to relative preferences and allows
one to include a large number of stimuli?
. Paired-stimulus
qDuration-based preference
assessments
a. Describe the methods
Duration-based preference assessments: Items are presented to the individual and the proportion of time spent engaging with the items is recorded
. Describe the two measures for
competing stimulus preference
assessments for duration-based
Free operant (or multiple item) assessments: All items are presented simultaneously § Single item presentation: Each item is presented individually several times
Identifying Stimulus Preferences for duration-based
qCompeting stimulus preference assessments § Duration based assessments used also to determine the extent to which stimuli displace problem behavior § Two measures simultaneously: 1. Stimulus engagement 2. Problem behavior § Stimuli selected based on the combined measures
In duration-based preference assessments,
items are presented to the individual and
what is recorded?
Proportion of time spent engaging the
items
In competing stimulus assessments, stimuli
are selected based on what behavior(s)?
. Problem behavior and stimulus
engagement
Selecting a preference assessment
method
a. Describe some prerequisite skills for
each type of preference assessment
qWhat variables should I consider when selecting a preference assessment method? § Abilities § Position biases § Problem behavior
List other preference assessment
options for persons with profound
disabilities
Individuals with profound disabilities who do not possess prerequisite scanning and motor skills for approach response cannot participate in traditional SPAs q Other options § Microswitches (e.g., Wacker, Berg, Wiggins, Muldoon, & Cavanaugh, 1985) § Indices of happiness (e.g., Green & Reid, 1996)
Position biases
a. Define
qPosition bias: Selection controlled by location rather than by the items themselves § E.g., participants may always select the item on the left when two items are presented in the paired-stimulus SPA
Know potential methods for
eliminating position biases
Quality training
• Choice between a known nonpreferred
stimulus and stimuli used in original SPA
§ Magnitude training + error correction
• Magnitude of one option 5x greater
• Error correction: Selection of smaller
magnitude resulted in 5 re-presentations of
the trial, selection of small option blocked
q Other possible methods
§ Changing to vertical placement of stimuli
§ Holding stimuli directly in front of the
participant
§ Placing items in opposite corners of the
room and having the participant walk to
the selected item
Visual scanning is a prerequisite skill
required for all of the following preference
assessments EXCEPT which?
. Vocal
Visual match-to-sample skills are required
to accurately complete which of the
following preference assessments?
. Pictorial
When someone exhibits a position
bias, selection is controlled by what?
c. Location
Which of the following preference
assessment methods should be
considered if a position bias persists?
. Single stimulus
Other considerations when selecting an SPA
method
a. List
§ Time
§ Function of problem behavior
§ Can stimulus be delivered after
selection
If time is limited, which of the following
preference assessment methods would
perhaps be the LEAST appropriate?
d. Paired stimulus
According to the study conducted by Kang et al. (2011), which preference assessment method was NOT likely to evoke problem behavior maintained by tangible reinforcers?
a. Free operant
According to the study conducted by Kang
et al. (2011), which preference assessment
method was most likely to evoke problem
behavior maintained by attention?
a. Free operant
q Research on contingent delivery during
preference assessments has generally
suggested what?
Contingent delivery identifies stimuli that
are more likely to function as reinforcers
q All of the following are arguments in favor
of using praise/social reinforcers, EXCEPT
which?
Social reinforcers/praise
According to the reinforcer selection
flowchart suggested by DeLeon, Bullock, &
Catania (2013), which type of stimulus
should be considered first?
. Social reinforcers/praise
q Which of the following outcomes has been
revealed by research examining preference
assessments that include mixed arrays?
Food items often downward displace
leisure items
All of the following are arguments in favor
of using praise/social reinforcers, EXCEPT
which?
d. May be more subject to satiation
q Results of a study conducted by Goldberg et
al. suggest which of the following regarding
preference for social and nonsocial activities?
. All children had an approximately equal
preference for social and nonsocial
activities
q Which of the following best describes
noncontingent pairing used to establish social
stimuli as reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers delivered freely and
attention provided during consumption
As a part of general recommendations for
selecting a preference assessment method,
which method should one consider if motor
skills are intact but the individual cannot
visually scan an array of stimuli?
Single stimulus
q If an individual cannot visually scan an
array and has limited motor control, which
of the following should one consider using?
. Indices of happiness
Which preference assessment should one
NOT use if an individual has problem
behavior maintained by attention?
Free operant
