Unit 3

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

the study of the cause, incidence, prevalence and distribution of diseases in population

Question 2

Odds ration **

Answer 2

Used to compare populations with differing exposures to determine if toxin exposure is related to disease states.

Get test pop with majority is exposed and remainder is not exposed. Then get control pop, no disease and expose to some.

Question 3

Dynamic Energy Budget and principle of allocation

Answer 3

Individuals must “budget” their energy to allow for growth.

Principle of Allocation, every resource has a cost associated.

Question 4

Tolerance acquisition and the factors that influence.

Answer 4

Development of resistance to a toxin,
Factors:
Gene dominance,
lifestages,
Population size
more rapid tolerance makes individual for fit and controlled by a single gene

Question 5

How tolerance selection can occur at different life stages?

Answer 5

Viability selection: based on survival (zygote–>adult)
Sexual selection: mating success
Meiotic drive: differential production of gametes
Gametic selection: differential success in producing zygotes
Fecundity selection: production of more offspring by some genotype pairings

Question 6

Distinguish between incidence and prevalence

Answer 6

Incidence - # number of new cases in a time period

Incidence rate: the rate at which new cases occur in a given period

I=N/t
(N=number of cases, t= time period at risk)

Prevalence - # total cases at any time

P= I * t

(I= incidence, t = total time)

Question 7

Fundamental niche vs realized niche

Answer 7

Fundamental: space it could potentially occupy given physiology and other limitation

Realized: the space of the fundamental niche is actually occupies

TOXINS can affect the realized niche

Question 8

Rivet popper vs redundancy hypothesis

Answer 8

Rivet: each species is like a rivet and a loss of one will cause a structural weakness

Redundancy hypothesis:
species is redundant, loss of a few will not change community function

Question 9

IBI

Answer 9

Index of biological integrity

Mostly used in aquatics, Richness, composition, abundance and conditions

Can be summed up and compared to undisturbed area. Good for past and present comparison

Question 10

Advantage and disadvantage of using more sensitive species approach

Answer 10

add: Simple, low cost

Dis: did you really test the most sensitive species