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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

replacement

A

avoiding using animals

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2
Q

reduction

A

using fewer animals

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3
Q

refinement

A

change the way the experiment is carried out so animals suffer as little as possible

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4
Q

pilot study

A

small scale investigation of a planned research project used to help

  • develop and/or practice protocols in order to ensure validity of experimental design
  • check effectiveness of techniques
  • find a suitable range of values for the independent variable
  • identify and control confounding variables
  • identify suitable numbers of replicates
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5
Q

types of variables

A

independant- variable that is changed or controlled
dependant- variable that is being tested or measured
confounding- any factor that affects dependent variable that isn’t independent- must be held constant or monitored

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6
Q

randomised block design

A

used in cases where confounding variables can’t easily be controlled, blocks or experimental and control groups can be distributed in such a way that the influence of any confounding variable is likely to be same across all groups

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7
Q

what types of data can discrete or continuous variables give rise to?

A

quantitative, qualitative or ranked data

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8
Q

limitations and use of simple (one independent variable) experimental design

A

findings may not be applicable to wider setting, control of lab conditions means that these experiments can be conducted more easily than in the field

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9
Q

multifactorial experimental design

A

more than one independant variable

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10
Q

in vivo

A

carried out using living organisms, tend to be more complex than in vitro experiments

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11
Q

in vitro

A

carried out using biological molecules outwith normal biological system ie. cell culture

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12
Q

observational studies

A

studies where there is no independent variable, good at detecting correlation but as they don’t directly test the model, not useful for determining causation

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13
Q

control groups are used for

A

comparison with treatment results

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14
Q

negative control

A

provides results in the absence of a treatment

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15
Q

positive control

A

treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

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16
Q

when is a representative sample of the population selected?

A

where it is impractical to measure every individual

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17
Q

what determines appropriate sample size?

A

extent of natural variation within a population, more variable= larger sample size

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18
Q

a representative sample should share the

A

same mean and degree of variation about the mean as the population as a whole

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19
Q

random sampling

A

members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

20
Q

systematic sampling

A

members of a population are selected at regular

intervals

21
Q

stratified sampling

A

population is divided into categories that are then

sampled proportionally

22
Q

reason for variation in experimental results

A

due to reliability of measurement methods and/or inherent variation in the specimens

23
Q

how to determine the reliability of measuring instruments or procedures

A

by carrying out repeated measurements or readings of an individual data point, the variation observed indicates the precision of the measurement instrument or procedure but not necessarily its accuracy

24
Q

how can natural variation in biological material used be determined?

A

by measuring a sample of individuals from the population- mean of these repeated measurements will give an indication of the true value being measured

25
Q

repeating experiements checks

A

reliability of results

26
Q

scientific cycle

A

construction of a testable hypothesis, experimental design, gathering, recording, analysis of data, evaluation of results, conclusions and the formation of new hypotheses where necessary

27
Q

null hypothesis

A

hypotheses stating that one variable will have no effect on the other

28
Q

why should publication of methods, data, analysis and conclusions in scientific reports be reported in standard format and in detail?

A

so that others are able to repeat the experiment

29
Q

review articles

A

summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

30
Q

what do scientific ideas need before being published?

A

independent verification and must be supported by similar findings in a number of other investigations

31
Q

all findings are subject to critical evaluation from

A

peers in peer review and the public through the wider media

32
Q

integrity and honesty in scientific literature

A

unbiased presentation of results, citing and

providing references, avoiding plagiarism

33
Q

when using humans what should be ensured?

A

informed consent and subjects must be aware of the right to withdraw data and confidentiality

34
Q

what can influence scientific research?

A

legislation, regulation, policy and funding

35
Q

Scientific reports should contain

A

an explanatory title, a summary including aims and findings, an introduction explaining the purpose and context of study including the use of several sources, supporting statements, citations, and references, method section containing sufficient information to allow another investigator to repeat the work

36
Q

Experimental design should test

A

the intended aim or hypothesis

37
Q

what should treatment effects be compared to

A

controls and any confounding variables

38
Q

what is necessary to ensure representative sampling and allow the investigator to show that altering the independent variable has, in fact, had an effect on the dependent variable?

A

a large and unbiased sample group

39
Q

how is data usually presented?

A

as tables and graphs, with statistical analysis used as appropriate

40
Q

statistical analysis

A

median, mode, mean

41
Q

standard deviation

A

used to assess the spread of the data

42
Q

what type of results are unlikely to be due to chance alone?

A

statistically significant results

43
Q

what do confidence intervals and error bars suggest?

A

variability of data around a mean, if the treatment average differs from the control average sufficiently for their confidence intervals not to overlap then the data can be said to be different

44
Q

conclusions should refer to

A

aim, results and hypothesis and existing knowledge and the results of other investigations

45
Q

what should be taken into account to decide if conclusions are valid?

A

validity and reliability of experimental design, may include discussing controlled variables, sample
size, repetition and accuracy of measurements

46
Q

what should consideration be given to pertaining results?

A

whether the results can be attributed to correlation or causation

Advanced Higher Biology (3 decks)

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