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Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

proportion of people who are overweight/obese compared to those underfed/underweight

A

the number of people who are overweight is greater than the number of people who are underfed/underweight

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2
Q

age related to risk for obesity

A

age increases risk for obesity

over 25 year span, an continuous increase can be seen in obesity rates

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3
Q

differences in obesity in males and females

A

not much difference

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4
Q

amount of overweight children

A

in the past 30 years, we have seen an increase in both overweight and obese children.

  • there is a much larger increase in obese children than overweight children
  • 30% of the population of children are overweight and this is causing T2D and atherosclerosis to start really young
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5
Q

world prevalence of obesity

A
  • US is by far the most obese nation
  • japan has the lowest obesity rates and also has some of the highest life expectancies
  • in Canada, there is a big difference between self report and measured data for obesity (people overestimate their height by 1 inch and underestimate their weight)
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6
Q

what percent of premature deaths are associated with obesity

A

10%

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7
Q

what is the leading cause of preventable death (after smoking) in N. America

A

obesity

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8
Q

what proportion of the adult population in Canada is obese?

A

2/3 of adults

canada is ranked #5 worldwide

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9
Q

osteoarthritis related to obesity

A

breakdown of cartilage b/w joints from extra weight on your joints
- the extra weight is bad for your joints because they have poor blood supply and so can’t rebuild themselves as easily as bones can

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10
Q

who has increased risk for adult obesity

A
  • women more than men, blacks, hispanics and native americans
  • family history (genetic or env’tal influence)
  • having childhood obesity
  • lower socioeconomic status
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • increased screen time
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11
Q

methods to determine percent body fat

A
  • underwater weighing
  • DXA scanning
  • bioelectrical impedence
  • skinfold calipers
  • BMI
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12
Q

underwater weighing

A

measures body density

  • a person w more fat would weigh less underwater because fat makes people float
  • the difference b/w weight under water and on land can be used to calculate percent body fat
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13
Q

DXA scanning

A

fat vs fat free mass measure

- gold standard

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14
Q

bioelectrical impedence

A

current moves through body more quickly when you have lean mass rather than fat
- influenced by how hydrated you are

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15
Q

skinfold calipers

A

measure subcutaneous fat on different body tissues

  • challenging to do accurately
  • hydration plays a role
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16
Q

BMI

A

does not give percent body fat, but gives indication of what it might be
= weight (kg)/ [height (m)]^2
- being overweight puts someone at risk
- also being Underweight puts someone at risk for other comorbidities

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17
Q

normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

anything above is overweight

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18
Q

pre-obese BMI

A

25-29.9

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19
Q

obesity class 1 BMI

A

30-34.9

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20
Q

obesity class 2 BMI

21
Q

obesity class 3 BMI

A

> 40

have very severe risk of co morbidities

22
Q

relationship b/w BMI and percent body fat in men and women

A

don’t go up in linear fashion so don’t correlate perfectly
“aren’t directly correlated”
- similar curve seen for both men and women

23
Q

problems with BMI

A
  • misleading for people with different body types (ex. endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph)
  • doesn’t reflect body fat distribution (visceral vs subcutaneous)
  • abdominal obesity can’t be estimated w BMI but it;s most correlated with increased risk
  • misleading in older population with changing body composition
24
Q

endomorph

A

overweight with extra fat mass

25
ectomorph
underweight with less fat mass
26
mesomorph
someone with lots of skeletal muscle | - throws off risk if measuring only by BMI because muscle weighs more than fat
27
relationship b/w BMI and mortality risk is dependant on what?
age
28
age as a factor b/w BMI and mortality risk
when BMI increases, the lowest mortality for older person is better to have extra body mass because otherwise it results in being extra frail
29
waist circumference (WC)
better reflects amount of fat we carry on our abdominal wall | - with BMI is more sufficient at determining risk than waist hip ratio
30
ideal waist circumference values for men and women
men: <102cm women: <88cm - generally the lower the better
31
ideal waist-hip ration (W:H) for men and women
men:
32
apple vs pear body shape
apple - android orientation pear - gynoid orientation - partially why men are at greater risk than women because they have less variation in body shapes
33
BMI and CVD mortality
BMI >25 increases risk. there's also increased risk when you are lean
34
BMI and type 2 diabetes risk
BMI >25 increases risk | - more rapid rise seen with a BMI risk >30
35
WC and BMI effect
cumulative effect seen when both increase | - stronger correlation seen here for diabetes development also
36
conditions resulting from obesity
CHD diabetes arthritis hypertension - also increases stroke risk
37
metabolic syndrome
``` aka metabolic syndrome X - puts you at even greater risk for CVD about 20% of the population has this when you have 3 or more of the following conditions: - abdominal obesity - high fasting plasma glucose - high blood TG - hypertension ```
38
metabolic syndrom impact on mortality and CV health | BMI and waist size on metabolic syndrome
mortality: increases slightly CVD: increases risk dramatically BMI: >30 poses the greatest risk
39
is being overweight/obese an independent risk factor for diabetes and CVD?
- correlations are strong but causation isn't necessarily there - obesity is linked with other risk factors so the impact of being overweight can be MODIFIED by PA
40
fitness vs fatness
most people who are overweight are not fit - regardless of BMI category, fitness decreases risk of CVD mortality, obesity still increases risk but compared to lean unfit people, it's better to be fat and fit
41
current approaches to weight loss
- low calorie, low fat diet - behaviour therapy - drug therapy: ex sibutramine - surgery (gastric bypass) - PA: not alone
42
yoyo diet
starvation diet where you lose weight rapidly and gain it back - you lose lean mass then gain back fat - strains CV system because body can't process changes fast enough - when you lose fat, drugs and viruses that get trapped in it get released and strains your immune system
43
primary vs. secondary prevention
primary: trying to prevent the disease itself secondary: preventing the disease from getting worse or leading to other clinical manifestations
44
obesity prevention trends in children
not really a trend - no matter how much PA kids do, it doesn't appear to link to obesity - obesity is positively correlated to hours of sedentary time
45
PA and its role on weight loss
- its hard to lose weight and gain muscle mass at the same time bc they use different metabolic pathways - when in negative caloric balance, need to do resistance exercise to prevent loss of lean mass - maintains weight lost - improves CV and metabolic health independent of weight loss
46
how to get kids to be less obese
tell them to be less sedentary than to be more active | - about 7 hour reduction in screen time/week is significant enough to drop BMI
47
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the amount of energy the body needs at rest
48
how does PA help you lose body fat?
- increases energy expenditure - helps maintain BMR - possibly suppresses appetite right after exercise - HIT training - it takes the body longer to

Epi (3 decks)

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