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Epi > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

proportion of people who are overweight/obese compared to those underfed/underweight

A

the number of people who are overweight is greater than the number of people who are underfed/underweight

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2
Q

age related to risk for obesity

A

age increases risk for obesity

over 25 year span, an continuous increase can be seen in obesity rates

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3
Q

differences in obesity in males and females

A

not much difference

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4
Q

amount of overweight children

A

in the past 30 years, we have seen an increase in both overweight and obese children.

  • there is a much larger increase in obese children than overweight children
  • 30% of the population of children are overweight and this is causing T2D and atherosclerosis to start really young
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5
Q

world prevalence of obesity

A
  • US is by far the most obese nation
  • japan has the lowest obesity rates and also has some of the highest life expectancies
  • in Canada, there is a big difference between self report and measured data for obesity (people overestimate their height by 1 inch and underestimate their weight)
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6
Q

what percent of premature deaths are associated with obesity

A

10%

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7
Q

what is the leading cause of preventable death (after smoking) in N. America

A

obesity

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8
Q

what proportion of the adult population in Canada is obese?

A

2/3 of adults

canada is ranked #5 worldwide

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9
Q

osteoarthritis related to obesity

A

breakdown of cartilage b/w joints from extra weight on your joints
- the extra weight is bad for your joints because they have poor blood supply and so can’t rebuild themselves as easily as bones can

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10
Q

who has increased risk for adult obesity

A
  • women more than men, blacks, hispanics and native americans
  • family history (genetic or env’tal influence)
  • having childhood obesity
  • lower socioeconomic status
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • increased screen time
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11
Q

methods to determine percent body fat

A
  • underwater weighing
  • DXA scanning
  • bioelectrical impedence
  • skinfold calipers
  • BMI
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12
Q

underwater weighing

A

measures body density

  • a person w more fat would weigh less underwater because fat makes people float
  • the difference b/w weight under water and on land can be used to calculate percent body fat
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13
Q

DXA scanning

A

fat vs fat free mass measure

- gold standard

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14
Q

bioelectrical impedence

A

current moves through body more quickly when you have lean mass rather than fat
- influenced by how hydrated you are

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15
Q

skinfold calipers

A

measure subcutaneous fat on different body tissues

  • challenging to do accurately
  • hydration plays a role
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16
Q

BMI

A

does not give percent body fat, but gives indication of what it might be
= weight (kg)/ [height (m)]^2
- being overweight puts someone at risk
- also being Underweight puts someone at risk for other comorbidities

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17
Q

normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

anything above is overweight

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18
Q

pre-obese BMI

A

25-29.9

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19
Q

obesity class 1 BMI

A

30-34.9

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20
Q

obesity class 2 BMI

A

35-39.9

21
Q

obesity class 3 BMI

A

> 40

have very severe risk of co morbidities

22
Q

relationship b/w BMI and percent body fat in men and women

A

don’t go up in linear fashion so don’t correlate perfectly
“aren’t directly correlated”
- similar curve seen for both men and women

23
Q

problems with BMI

A
  • misleading for people with different body types (ex. endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph)
  • doesn’t reflect body fat distribution (visceral vs subcutaneous)
  • abdominal obesity can’t be estimated w BMI but it;s most correlated with increased risk
  • misleading in older population with changing body composition
24
Q

endomorph

A

overweight with extra fat mass

25
Q

ectomorph

A

underweight with less fat mass

26
Q

mesomorph

A

someone with lots of skeletal muscle

- throws off risk if measuring only by BMI because muscle weighs more than fat

27
Q

relationship b/w BMI and mortality risk is dependant on what?

A

age

28
Q

age as a factor b/w BMI and mortality risk

A

when BMI increases, the lowest mortality for older person is better to have extra body mass because otherwise it results in being extra frail

29
Q

waist circumference (WC)

A

better reflects amount of fat we carry on our abdominal wall

- with BMI is more sufficient at determining risk than waist hip ratio

30
Q

ideal waist circumference values for men and women

A

men: <102cm
women: <88cm
- generally the lower the better

31
Q

ideal waist-hip ration (W:H) for men and women

A

men:

32
Q

apple vs pear body shape

A

apple - android orientation
pear - gynoid orientation
- partially why men are at greater risk than women because they have less variation in body shapes

33
Q

BMI and CVD mortality

A

BMI >25 increases risk. there’s also increased risk when you are lean

34
Q

BMI and type 2 diabetes risk

A

BMI >25 increases risk

- more rapid rise seen with a BMI risk >30

35
Q

WC and BMI effect

A

cumulative effect seen when both increase

- stronger correlation seen here for diabetes development also

36
Q

conditions resulting from obesity

A

CHD
diabetes
arthritis
hypertension - also increases stroke risk

37
Q

metabolic syndrome

A 
aka metabolic syndrome X
- puts you at even greater risk for CVD
about 20% of the population has this
when you have 3 or more of the following conditions:
- abdominal obesity
- high fasting plasma glucose
- high blood TG
- hypertension
38
Q

metabolic syndrom impact on mortality and CV health

BMI and waist size on metabolic syndrome

A

mortality: increases slightly
CVD: increases risk dramatically
BMI: >30 poses the greatest risk

39
Q

is being overweight/obese an independent risk factor for diabetes and CVD?

A
  • correlations are strong but causation isn’t necessarily there
  • obesity is linked with other risk factors so the impact of being overweight can be MODIFIED by PA
40
Q

fitness vs fatness

A

most people who are overweight are not fit
- regardless of BMI category, fitness decreases risk of CVD mortality, obesity still increases risk but compared to lean unfit people, it’s better to be fat and fit

41
Q

current approaches to weight loss

A
  • low calorie, low fat diet
  • behaviour therapy
  • drug therapy: ex sibutramine
  • surgery (gastric bypass)
  • PA: not alone
42
Q

yoyo diet

A

starvation diet where you lose weight rapidly and gain it back

  • you lose lean mass then gain back fat
  • strains CV system because body can’t process changes fast enough
  • when you lose fat, drugs and viruses that get trapped in it get released and strains your immune system
43
Q

primary vs. secondary prevention

A

primary: trying to prevent the disease itself
secondary: preventing the disease from getting worse or leading to other clinical manifestations

44
Q

obesity prevention trends in children

A

not really a trend - no matter how much PA kids do, it doesn’t appear to link to obesity
- obesity is positively correlated to hours of sedentary time

45
Q

PA and its role on weight loss

A
  • its hard to lose weight and gain muscle mass at the same time bc they use different metabolic pathways
  • when in negative caloric balance, need to do resistance exercise to prevent loss of lean mass
  • maintains weight lost
  • improves CV and metabolic health independent of weight loss
46
Q

how to get kids to be less obese

A

tell them to be less sedentary than to be more active

- about 7 hour reduction in screen time/week is significant enough to drop BMI

47
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the amount of energy the body needs at rest

48
Q

how does PA help you lose body fat?

A
  • increases energy expenditure
  • helps maintain BMR
  • possibly suppresses appetite right after exercise
  • HIT training - it takes the body longer to

Epi (3 decks)

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