Unit 3 Flashcards
What is the order of immune response?
- antigen enters the body
- Macrophage (phagocytosis) engulf antigen
- Helper T cells copy antigen shape
- Helper T cells tell helper B cells to make antibodies
- Antibodies attach to antigens
- Macrophage engulf antigen
- Suppressor T cells stop the response
- Memory T cells remember the antigen
What happens when you exhale? (Intercostals, diaphragm, air pressure, thoracic volume, abdominal muscles, rib cage)
Intercostal- relax Diaphragm- relaxes Air pressure - increase Thoracic volume -decrease Abdominal muscles- contract Rib cage - down and in
What happens when you inhale? (Intercostals, diaphragm, air pressure, thoracic volume, abdominal muscles, rib cage)
Intercostal- contract Diaphragm- contract Air pressure - decrease Thoracic volume -increase Abdominal muscles- relax Rib cage - up and out
Which sources of energy do we use first, second and third?
- Creatine
- Aerobic
- Anaerobic
What does Creatine do?
Builds up when muscle is at rest, fastest way to make ATP but only lasts for 8 seconds. The breakdown of creatine phosphate donates a P to ADP to make ATP
What does Aerobic do?
Provides musicales with the most ATP, oxygen is required, Glycogen in muscle cells provide glucose necessary for respiration
What does Anaerobic do?
If lactic acid builds up cramping occurs.
What is actin?
Composed of two strands of proteins called actin binds to myosin.
What is myosin?
Composed of two strands of proteins called myosin, each myosin molecule is made of 2 polypeptide chains wrapped around each other binds to actin
What is muscle contractions?
- The myosin head is attached to the actin
- The myosin head flexes advancing the actin filament
- The myosin head releases and unflexes powered by ATP
- The myosin reattached to the actin further along the fibre
What is antagonistic muscles?
Pair of muscles that work against each other to make a joint move. (Biceps, triceps)
Muscle fibre consists of..
Myoglobin
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
What does myoglobin do?
Stored oxygen for muscle contractions.
What is sarcolemma?
Membrane of muscle fibre.
What is sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm of muscle fibre
What are the three steps of Urine formation?
- Filteration
- Reabsorbtion
- Secretion
Explain what filteration is and where it occurs. What remains in the blood?
Blood enters the glomerulus. This blood has high pressure this forces substances into the bowmans capsule. Blood cells proteins and platelets remain in blood.
Explain what reabsorbtion is and where it occurs. What returns to the blood?
Occurs in the proximal tubule, filterate is absorbed back into the blood by active and passive transport and osmosis. 1ml formed from 120ml filtrate. Glucose amino acids and mineral salts are returned water is reabsorbed by osmosis. As waste moves trough tubule is becomes more concentrated.
Explain what secreation is and where it occurs. What remains?
Occurs is distal tubule. Nitrogen actively transported from blood to nephron what remains is urine.
What is in urine?
Excess sugars, salts, H+ ions and H20 (urea and uric acid)
What happens in the cortex?
This is where filteration occurs.
What does the medulla do?
Responsible for water absorption.
What does the renal pelvis do?
Collects waste (urine) joins kidney to ureter.
What does the afferent arteriole do?
Brings blood to the glomerulus from the renal artery.
What does the efferent arteriole do?
Leaves glomerulus takes blood to capillary net.
What does the loop of Henle do?
Descends into the medulla, connects the proximal tubule to the distal tubule.
What is the order of the blood vessels?
Arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venues - veins - heart