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Cultural Anthropology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

Our primary means of communication, transmitted through learning as a part of enculturation, made up of symbols

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2
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

Study of language in relation to social factors

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3
Q

Ethology

A

Study of non-human animal behavior

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4
Q

Call System

A

Consists of a limited number of sounds that are specific to certain stimuli

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5
Q

Displacement

A

The capacity to speak of things and events that aren’t present

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6
Q

Productivity

A

The capacity to generate new expressions by combining other expressions

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7
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

The relationship between properties and characteristics of a specific language and it’s associated culture. Features of language define our experiences

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8
Q

Subsistence Strategies

A

The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption used to ensure material survival needs are met

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9
Q

Food Collectors

A

Hunter & gatherers, foragers, fishers

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10
Q

Food Producers

A

Pastoralists, horticulturalists, agriculturalists

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11
Q

Demography

A

The statistical study of populations

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12
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The population size that can be supported by a given environment

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13
Q

Foraging

A

All humans up to 10,000 BP
Low population densities
Small highly mobile bands based upon kinship

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14
Q

Birth Spacing

A

Women wait multiple years between births

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15
Q

Fission

A

Bands break apart in order to maintain low population density

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16
Q

Anthropogenic Landscape

A

Landscape modified by humans (I.e. Anthropogenic fire)

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17
Q

Dump Heap Hypothesis

A

Edgar Anderson - 1952

Waste caused the growth of new plants which led to horticulture

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18
Q

Unilineal Evolution

A

We are all on one path of evolution (savagery, barbarism, civilization)
Cultural Impoverishment

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19
Q

Marshall Sahlins

A

1966
“Material wants are finite and few, and technical means are unchanging, but on the whole, adequate”
“Zen road to affluence”

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20
Q

Pastoralism

A

Live by herding large domesticated animals

Slow population growth, but more dense

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21
Q

Nomadic Pastoralism

A

Seasonal migratory pattern that can vary year to year

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22
Q

Transhumance

A

Cyclical migration, often to higher, cooler elevations in summer months and warmer lowland areas in winter months

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23
Q

Settled Pastoralists

A

Stay in one place most of the year
Provision livestock with fodder
More capital intensive

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24
Q

Bride wealth

A

Transfer of resources in the form of goods from the groom or his relatives to the family of the bride
Most frequently found type of marriage transaction across culture
Typical of patrilocal and patrilineal societies

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25
Horticulture
Plant cultivation without the use of a plow or irrigation
26
Cultivation
Intentional preparation of the soil for planting wild or domesticated plants
27
Domestication
Morphological or genetic changes in a plant or animal through selective breeding. Aimed at increasing the prevalence of traits that are desirable/beneficial to humans
28
Oasis Hypothesis
Increasing warmth and dryness at the end of the Pleistocene (10,000) led to limited resources which led to domestication
29
Natural Habitat/Hilly Flanks Hypothesis
People settled into the 'hilly flanks' where resources were abundant and conditions were good for agricultural experimentation
30
Human Slug Hypothesis
Lewis Binford-ethnographic studies of foragers indicate that foragers only spend a few hours a day obtaining food. No reason to become agriculturalists unless they had to. Last Resort
31
Bands
Small kin-based groups found among foragers
32
Tribes
Non-intensive food production and have villages and/or descent groups, lack formal government and social classes
33
Chiefdom
Intermediate between the tribe and the state, still kin-based, but characterized by a permanent political structure with some degree of differential access to resources and a political structure
34
State
Characterized by formal government and social classes
35
Generalized reciprocity
Widespread sharing | No "thank you"
36
Balance Reciprocity
Barter | Tit for tat
37
Negative Reciprocity
Theft Cheating One-shot interactions
38
Phonemes
Symbolic; sound that is arbitrarily linked to meaning
39
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language that convey meaning
40
Kinship
Publicly recognized sets of social relations
41
Affines
Related by marriage
42
Consanguines
Related by birth/blood
43
Matrilineal Descent
Descent reckoned through mother's lineage
44
Patrilineal Descent
Descent reckoned through fathers lineage
45
Ambilineal Descent
System including both unilineal descent groups. Individual can usually choose their own lineage
46
Bilateral Descent
Both mother and father kin are equally important
47
Nuclear Family
Husband, wife & offspring
48
Extended Family
Three or more generations
49
Expanded Family Household
Includes non nuclear relatives
50
Collateral Household
Includes siblings and their spouses and their children
51
Extended Family Household
Three or more generations
52
Lineage
Descent groups whose members can demonstrate common descent from an apical ancestor
53
Clan
Descent group whose members claim common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it
54
Totem
Nonhuman (animal or plant) apical ancestor of a clan
55
Marriage
An institution that involves legal, ritual and/or social union of two or more people
56
Exogamy
Practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own group
57
Incest
Sexual relations with a close relative | Cultural universal
58
Polygyny
When a man has multiple wives
59
Sex
Biological classification
60
Gender
Cultural classification
61
Gender roles
Behaviors associated with biological sexes
62
Religion
Cultural universal Supernatural claims Learned through enculturation
63
Animism
Earliest form of religion; belief in spiritual beings inhabiting nature
64
Polytheism
Belief in multiple gods
65
Monotheism
Belief in a single, all-powerful deity
66
Magic
Supernatural techniques intended to accomplish a specific aim
67
Ritual
Universal human behavior Formal, stereotyped and repetitive Usually established by someone other than the performer
68
Linnaeus classification of race
Four races: Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, Afer
69
Blumenbach classification of race
Most of views today are based on him | Monogenism
70
Morton classification of race
Polygenist Inferiority of Africans Measured cranial capacity
71
Scientific racism
Ideology or doctrine, a set of beliefs suggesting that races exist and that there are significant differences among them
72
Hypodescent
Children of a union between members of different groups are automatically placed in the minority group
73
Nation-state
Autonomous, centrally organized political entity
74
Nationalities
Ethnic groups that had or wish to have/regain, autonomous political status
75
Assimilation
Minority groups adopt the patterns and norms of dominant host culture
76
Plural Society
Society combining ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of groups
77
Multiculturalism
View of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable
78
Prejudice
Devaluation of group because of assumed behavior, values, capabilities or attributes

Cultural Anthropology (1 decks)

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