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Cultural Anthropology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

Our primary means of communication, transmitted through learning as a part of enculturation, made up of symbols

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2
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

Study of language in relation to social factors

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3
Q

Ethology

A

Study of non-human animal behavior

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4
Q

Call System

A

Consists of a limited number of sounds that are specific to certain stimuli

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5
Q

Displacement

A

The capacity to speak of things and events that aren’t present

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6
Q

Productivity

A

The capacity to generate new expressions by combining other expressions

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7
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

The relationship between properties and characteristics of a specific language and it’s associated culture. Features of language define our experiences

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8
Q

Subsistence Strategies

A

The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption used to ensure material survival needs are met

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9
Q

Food Collectors

A

Hunter & gatherers, foragers, fishers

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10
Q

Food Producers

A

Pastoralists, horticulturalists, agriculturalists

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11
Q

Demography

A

The statistical study of populations

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12
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The population size that can be supported by a given environment

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13
Q

Foraging

A

All humans up to 10,000 BP
Low population densities
Small highly mobile bands based upon kinship

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14
Q

Birth Spacing

A

Women wait multiple years between births

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15
Q

Fission

A

Bands break apart in order to maintain low population density

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16
Q

Anthropogenic Landscape

A

Landscape modified by humans (I.e. Anthropogenic fire)

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17
Q

Dump Heap Hypothesis

A

Edgar Anderson - 1952

Waste caused the growth of new plants which led to horticulture

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18
Q

Unilineal Evolution

A

We are all on one path of evolution (savagery, barbarism, civilization)
Cultural Impoverishment

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19
Q

Marshall Sahlins

A

1966
“Material wants are finite and few, and technical means are unchanging, but on the whole, adequate”
“Zen road to affluence”

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20
Q

Pastoralism

A

Live by herding large domesticated animals

Slow population growth, but more dense

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21
Q

Nomadic Pastoralism

A

Seasonal migratory pattern that can vary year to year

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22
Q

Transhumance

A

Cyclical migration, often to higher, cooler elevations in summer months and warmer lowland areas in winter months

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23
Q

Settled Pastoralists

A

Stay in one place most of the year
Provision livestock with fodder
More capital intensive

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24
Q

Bride wealth

A

Transfer of resources in the form of goods from the groom or his relatives to the family of the bride
Most frequently found type of marriage transaction across culture
Typical of patrilocal and patrilineal societies

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25
Q

Horticulture

A

Plant cultivation without the use of a plow or irrigation

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26
Q

Cultivation

A

Intentional preparation of the soil for planting wild or domesticated plants

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27
Q

Domestication

A

Morphological or genetic changes in a plant or animal through selective breeding.
Aimed at increasing the prevalence of traits that are desirable/beneficial to humans

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28
Q

Oasis Hypothesis

A

Increasing warmth and dryness at the end of the Pleistocene (10,000) led to limited resources which led to domestication

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29
Q

Natural Habitat/Hilly Flanks Hypothesis

A

People settled into the ‘hilly flanks’ where resources were abundant and conditions were good for agricultural experimentation

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30
Q

Human Slug Hypothesis

A

Lewis Binford-ethnographic studies of foragers indicate that foragers only spend a few hours a day obtaining food.
No reason to become agriculturalists unless they had to.
Last Resort

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31
Q

Bands

A

Small kin-based groups found among foragers

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32
Q

Tribes

A

Non-intensive food production and have villages and/or descent groups, lack formal government and social classes

33
Q

Chiefdom

A

Intermediate between the tribe and the state, still kin-based, but characterized by a permanent political structure with some degree of differential access to resources and a political structure

34
Q

State

A

Characterized by formal government and social classes

35
Q

Generalized reciprocity

A

Widespread sharing

No “thank you”

36
Q

Balance Reciprocity

A

Barter

Tit for tat

37
Q

Negative Reciprocity

A

Theft
Cheating
One-shot interactions

38
Q

Phonemes

A

Symbolic; sound that is arbitrarily linked to meaning

39
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit of language that convey meaning

40
Q

Kinship

A

Publicly recognized sets of social relations

41
Q

Affines

A

Related by marriage

42
Q

Consanguines

A

Related by birth/blood

43
Q

Matrilineal Descent

A

Descent reckoned through mother’s lineage

44
Q

Patrilineal Descent

A

Descent reckoned through fathers lineage

45
Q

Ambilineal Descent

A

System including both unilineal descent groups. Individual can usually choose their own lineage

46
Q

Bilateral Descent

A

Both mother and father kin are equally important

47
Q

Nuclear Family

A

Husband, wife & offspring

48
Q

Extended Family

A

Three or more generations

49
Q

Expanded Family Household

A

Includes non nuclear relatives

50
Q

Collateral Household

A

Includes siblings and their spouses and their children

51
Q

Extended Family Household

A

Three or more generations

52
Q

Lineage

A

Descent groups whose members can demonstrate common descent from an apical ancestor

53
Q

Clan

A

Descent group whose members claim common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it

54
Q

Totem

A

Nonhuman (animal or plant) apical ancestor of a clan

55
Q

Marriage

A

An institution that involves legal, ritual and/or social union of two or more people

56
Q

Exogamy

A

Practice of seeking a spouse outside one’s own group

57
Q

Incest

A

Sexual relations with a close relative

Cultural universal

58
Q

Polygyny

A

When a man has multiple wives

59
Q

Sex

A

Biological classification

60
Q

Gender

A

Cultural classification

61
Q

Gender roles

A

Behaviors associated with biological sexes

62
Q

Religion

A

Cultural universal
Supernatural claims
Learned through enculturation

63
Q

Animism

A

Earliest form of religion; belief in spiritual beings inhabiting nature

64
Q

Polytheism

A

Belief in multiple gods

65
Q

Monotheism

A

Belief in a single, all-powerful deity

66
Q

Magic

A

Supernatural techniques intended to accomplish a specific aim

67
Q

Ritual

A

Universal human behavior
Formal, stereotyped and repetitive
Usually established by someone other than the performer

68
Q

Linnaeus classification of race

A

Four races: Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, Afer

69
Q

Blumenbach classification of race

A

Most of views today are based on him

Monogenism

70
Q

Morton classification of race

A

Polygenist
Inferiority of Africans
Measured cranial capacity

71
Q

Scientific racism

A

Ideology or doctrine, a set of beliefs suggesting that races exist and that there are significant differences among them

72
Q

Hypodescent

A

Children of a union between members of different groups are automatically placed in the minority group

73
Q

Nation-state

A

Autonomous, centrally organized political entity

74
Q

Nationalities

A

Ethnic groups that had or wish to have/regain, autonomous political status

75
Q

Assimilation

A

Minority groups adopt the patterns and norms of dominant host culture

76
Q

Plural Society

A

Society combining ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of groups

77
Q

Multiculturalism

A

View of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable

78
Q

Prejudice

A

Devaluation of group because of assumed behavior, values, capabilities or attributes

Cultural Anthropology (1 decks)

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