Unit 3 Flashcards
Infidelity and Jealousy
Adaptive
Daly and Wilso Mate retention techniques such as direct guarding and violence
Improves reproductive fitness
Fear of cuckoldry
-107 married couples
Males likely to report debasement Women likely to report threat of punishing infidelity
-Wilson et al - Women who reported direct guarding
72% sook medical attention
-Dobash and Dobash
Sexual jealousy main cause of violence
Murder
Animals commit murder
Buss and Duntley
- genetic relatedness
- status
- sex
- family/group size
Could solve adaptive problems
- preventing harm
- reputation management
- protecting resources
Wilson and Daly- lack of resources females attracted to men with resources no money but can offer dominance, lack of possessions 43% victims and 41% perpetrators unemployed
Sexual Jealousy- love triangle 92% male 8% female
Group displays- Warfare
Form a group to be -victorious -intimidation -protection Access to resources
Adaptive
- increases reproductive fitness
- become more attractive to females
- less aggressive males do not survive
-ww2 Germans raped 20,000 Muslim women
- Chagon- Yanomamo -Men who killed were more likely to be married
- Ledyard -Defense -Women equally as likely to retaliate
May make rape seem acceptable
Can explain why women are less likely to engage in warfare
Group displays-Religion
Maladaptive behaviour
Self flagellation during ashura- Shia Muslims , Haredim Orthodox Jews
Benefits of living in a group
Shows commitment and co operation
Handicaps deter free riders
Adaptive
Ruffle and Sosis - Jewish males public ally praying 3x a day women bake and light Shabbat candles making more cooperation
Social psychological explanations- social learning theory
Direct and vicarious
Role models
Modelling process
ARRM
Bandura - Bobo doll
66 nursery children (3-5 yr) three conditions controlled individual differences
Deindividuation theory
Anonymous less identifiable Decreased self awareness Reduction in morals -crowd -uniform -under the influence Football hooliganism
Diener- Halloween- 1300 children- no identity stole 57% more
Mann- crowd baiting
10/21 crowd baited
Biological explanations of aggression- neurotransmitters
Davidson- serotonin inhibits aggression
Tryptophan
Violent and not violent prisoners
Reduced levels in vervet monkeys
Juvinille delinquents given tryptophan
Silver foxes decreased MAO and increase tryptophan
Biological explanations for aggression- genetics
MAOA-L Gene
Lack of Maoa enzyme
.XYY karyotope
Sandberg - 47 chromosomes
Hot sauce study -78 ps MAOA-L administered more
Theilgaard only consistency in height
Cairns mice selective agg breeding
Biological explanations of aggression- Hormones
Basal model
Testosterone increases agg
Reciprocal model
High dominance levels increase testosterone levels
Nelson found positive correlation in high levels of androgen and violence
Mice injected with testosterone
Biological explanations of aggression- brain structure
Hypothalamus and amygdala initiate aggression
Prefrontal correct inhibits aggression damage would increase aggression
Flynn cats- hypothalamus stimulated- agg amygdala lesioned- tame
Charles Whitman- Tumour pressed against amygdala
Phineus gage prefrontal cortex
Amygdalabotamy
Biological rhythms - Infradian
Long slow rhythms
Hibernation a
5 squirrels blinded
Hibernated at same time (body clock)
Not completely accurate and therefore need ezs
Scientific
Biological rhythms circadian
Once ever 24 hours
Sleep-wake cycle
Controlled by SCN (ep) light enters eye pineal gland suppresses melatonin and awake
Endogenous zeitgebers such as temp and light
Silver Hamsters- SCN removed
Siffre cave study
Biological rhythms Ultradian
Sleep cycles
Sleep lab
Shift work distrusting biological rhythms
Backwards shift rotation (phase advance)
Forwards shift rotation (phase delay) morning-evening-night
Internal desynchronisation
Czeiler Utah salt plant 130 males
Gorden et al police officers -30% less sleeping on job and 40% less accidents
Adjust shift patterns
Jet lag distrusting biological rhythms
Symptoms
Internal desynchronisation
East to west- easier as lengthening day -25 hour clock
Schwartz US baseball
E-W 44% wins
W-E 37% wins
Four techniques to reduce jet lag
Nature of sleep- NREM
1- EEG- Theta waves
Light stage
Hynpnogenic hallucinations + falling
2- Theta Waves
K complexes and sleep spindles (fast eeg)
Muscles relaxed and little eye movement
3+4 - Delta waves slow wave sleep
4- temp drops and bp, sleep walking and bet wetting and night terrors, half an hour, grow hormones
Nature of sleep- REM
Breathing rate rapid and shallow
Paradoxical sleep as lots of eye movement but muscles paralysed and brain waves as if we were awake
Heart rate increases Dreams occur 1st -15 mins building to an hour by 4th or 5th Hardest to wake Infants spend 50% of their sleep in REM
Lifespan changes in sleep
Newborn
- premature - 80% in REM
- New Born - 50% 16/20 hours a day
Toddlers-Adults
- 6-8 hours(naps)
- 25% in REM
70+
- fragmented sleep
- naps
- 19% in REM
Ohayon et al- meta analysis
Theories of sleep- Evolutionary
Lifestyle factors;
-environment- aquatic such as dolphins sleep on hemisphere at a time
Humans have poor vision at night and therefore sleep to conserve energy
- Predator/prey
- sleep site
-Size
Meddis- predator prey status vulnerable animals sleep longer to stay safe
Webb- hibernation-conserve
Sleep not necessary
39 animal species- vulnerable animals slept less opposing meddis’s view however LESHU found that they are often herbivores and graze all day high metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate positively correlated to sleep
Theories of sleep- Restoration
Oswald- restore depleted energy reserves
Increase skin growth and hormones released in NREM so NREM for the body
REM for brain as babies spend 50% sleep in REM and drug addicts spend longer in REM
Hornes
Sleep deprive p’s- cognitive tasks made up for more REM and deep NREM
Shapiro ultra marathon -57 miles 1.5 hours stage four sleep 25% increased to 45%
However Rhyback and Lewis found no change to sleep when patients were bed bound for 6 weeks
Peter Tripp- 8 days- 201 hours Ritalin last 66 hours
Insomnia
Primary- no existing health conditions
Secondary caused by existing health conditions
Anxiety and personality factors;
Anxiety- high levels of cortisol, adrenaline, Noradrenaline and ACTH
High levels of arousal
Brain mechanisms;
Something wrong with SCN or Pineal Gland
Personality; neuroticism- clinical anxiety
Sleep apnoea;
Stop breathing 5-39 times a night
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Central sleep apnoea- brain control of respiratory and heart systems
Vgantzas et al- insomnia a have high levels or cortisol and ACTH
Gregory et al- longitudinal study New Zealand 1,000 children- fam conflict from 9-15 cause insomnia at 18 (correlation) due to anxiety all factors controlled
Sleep walking
Parasomnia- doesn’t result in severe daytime tiredness or insomnia
Psychodynamic-
Desire to sleep where you did as a child
Cannot work through unconscious anxieties during REM so spill into NREM and projected and Motor functions
Genetics
Expected concordance
Backwin- 19 MZ (47%) and 14 DZ (7%)
Narcolepsy
REM system malfunction Activated at random times Symptoms similar to REM Cataplexy Sleep paralysis Sleep stages fall straight into REm Extreme daytime tiredness no NREM
Siegal narcoleptic dogs cells activated during REM is activated during cataplexy
Orexin
Decrease receptors in people with narcolepsy
Factors affecting attitudes towards food- familiarity and Learning
Neophobia
5-10 exposures
Operant conditioning
Reward/ punishment
Lepper et all hupe and hule
Contingent and non contingent
