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A2 Psychology Aggression > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Infidelity and Jealousy

A

Adaptive
Daly and Wilso Mate retention techniques such as direct guarding and violence
Improves reproductive fitness
Fear of cuckoldry

-107 married couples
Males likely to report debasement Women likely to report threat of punishing infidelity

-Wilson et al - Women who reported direct guarding
72% sook medical attention

-Dobash and Dobash
Sexual jealousy main cause of violence

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2
Q

Murder

A

Animals commit murder

Buss and Duntley

  • genetic relatedness
  • status
  • sex
  • family/group size

Could solve adaptive problems

  • preventing harm
  • reputation management
  • protecting resources

Wilson and Daly- lack of resources females attracted to men with resources no money but can offer dominance, lack of possessions 43% victims and 41% perpetrators unemployed
Sexual Jealousy- love triangle 92% male 8% female

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3
Q

Group displays- Warfare

A 
Form a group to be 
-victorious
-intimidation
-protection
Access to resources

Adaptive

  • increases reproductive fitness
  • become more attractive to females
  • less aggressive males do not survive

-ww2 Germans raped 20,000 Muslim women

  • Chagon- Yanomamo -Men who killed were more likely to be married
  • Ledyard -Defense -Women equally as likely to retaliate

May make rape seem acceptable
Can explain why women are less likely to engage in warfare

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4
Q

Group displays-Religion

A

Maladaptive behaviour
Self flagellation during ashura- Shia Muslims , Haredim Orthodox Jews

Benefits of living in a group

Shows commitment and co operation
Handicaps deter free riders

Adaptive

Ruffle and Sosis - Jewish males public ally praying 3x a day women bake and light Shabbat candles making more cooperation

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5
Q

Social psychological explanations- social learning theory

A

Direct and vicarious
Role models
Modelling process
ARRM

Bandura - Bobo doll
66 nursery children (3-5 yr) three conditions controlled individual differences

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6
Q

Deindividuation theory

A 
Anonymous less identifiable 
Decreased self awareness 
Reduction in morals
-crowd 
-uniform
-under the influence 
Football hooliganism

Diener- Halloween- 1300 children- no identity stole 57% more

Mann- crowd baiting
10/21 crowd baited

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7
Q

Biological explanations of aggression- neurotransmitters

A

Davidson- serotonin inhibits aggression
Tryptophan

Violent and not violent prisoners
Reduced levels in vervet monkeys

Juvinille delinquents given tryptophan

Silver foxes decreased MAO and increase tryptophan

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8
Q

Biological explanations for aggression- genetics

A

MAOA-L Gene
Lack of Maoa enzyme

.XYY karyotope
Sandberg - 47 chromosomes

Hot sauce study -78 ps MAOA-L administered more

Theilgaard only consistency in height
Cairns mice selective agg breeding

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9
Q

Biological explanations of aggression- Hormones

A

Basal model
Testosterone increases agg

Reciprocal model
High dominance levels increase testosterone levels

Nelson found positive correlation in high levels of androgen and violence

Mice injected with testosterone

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10
Q

Biological explanations of aggression- brain structure

A

Hypothalamus and amygdala initiate aggression

Prefrontal correct inhibits aggression damage would increase aggression

Flynn cats- hypothalamus stimulated- agg amygdala lesioned- tame

Charles Whitman- Tumour pressed against amygdala

Phineus gage prefrontal cortex

Amygdalabotamy

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11
Q

Biological rhythms - Infradian

A

Long slow rhythms
Hibernation a

5 squirrels blinded
Hibernated at same time (body clock)
Not completely accurate and therefore need ezs

Scientific

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12
Q

Biological rhythms circadian

A

Once ever 24 hours
Sleep-wake cycle
Controlled by SCN (ep) light enters eye pineal gland suppresses melatonin and awake
Endogenous zeitgebers such as temp and light

Silver Hamsters- SCN removed

Siffre cave study

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13
Q

Biological rhythms Ultradian

A

Sleep cycles

Sleep lab

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14
Q

Shift work distrusting biological rhythms

A

Backwards shift rotation (phase advance)

Forwards shift rotation (phase delay) morning-evening-night

Internal desynchronisation

Czeiler Utah salt plant 130 males

Gorden et al police officers -30% less sleeping on job and 40% less accidents

Adjust shift patterns

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15
Q

Jet lag distrusting biological rhythms

A

Symptoms
Internal desynchronisation
East to west- easier as lengthening day -25 hour clock

Schwartz US baseball
E-W 44% wins
W-E 37% wins

Four techniques to reduce jet lag

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16
Q

Nature of sleep- NREM

A

1- EEG- Theta waves
Light stage
Hynpnogenic hallucinations + falling

2- Theta Waves
K complexes and sleep spindles (fast eeg)
Muscles relaxed and little eye movement

3+4 - Delta waves slow wave sleep

4- temp drops and bp, sleep walking and bet wetting and night terrors, half an hour, grow hormones

17
Q

Nature of sleep- REM

A

Breathing rate rapid and shallow
Paradoxical sleep as lots of eye movement but muscles paralysed and brain waves as if we were awake

Heart rate increases 
Dreams occur 
1st -15 mins building to an hour by 4th or 5th
Hardest to wake 
Infants spend 50% of their sleep in REM
18
Q

Lifespan changes in sleep

A

Newborn

  • premature - 80% in REM
  • New Born - 50% 16/20 hours a day

Toddlers-Adults

  • 6-8 hours(naps)
  • 25% in REM

70+

  • fragmented sleep
  • naps
  • 19% in REM

Ohayon et al- meta analysis

19
Q

Theories of sleep- Evolutionary

A

Lifestyle factors;
-environment- aquatic such as dolphins sleep on hemisphere at a time
Humans have poor vision at night and therefore sleep to conserve energy

  • Predator/prey
  • sleep site

-Size
Meddis- predator prey status vulnerable animals sleep longer to stay safe
Webb- hibernation-conserve

Sleep not necessary

39 animal species- vulnerable animals slept less opposing meddis’s view however LESHU found that they are often herbivores and graze all day high metabolic rate

Basal metabolic rate positively correlated to sleep

20
Q

Theories of sleep- Restoration

A

Oswald- restore depleted energy reserves
Increase skin growth and hormones released in NREM so NREM for the body

REM for brain as babies spend 50% sleep in REM and drug addicts spend longer in REM

Hornes
Sleep deprive p’s- cognitive tasks made up for more REM and deep NREM

Shapiro ultra marathon -57 miles 1.5 hours stage four sleep 25% increased to 45%

However Rhyback and Lewis found no change to sleep when patients were bed bound for 6 weeks

Peter Tripp- 8 days- 201 hours Ritalin last 66 hours

21
Q

Insomnia

A

Primary- no existing health conditions
Secondary caused by existing health conditions

Anxiety and personality factors;
Anxiety- high levels of cortisol, adrenaline, Noradrenaline and ACTH
High levels of arousal

Brain mechanisms;
Something wrong with SCN or Pineal Gland
Personality; neuroticism- clinical anxiety

Sleep apnoea;
Stop breathing 5-39 times a night
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Central sleep apnoea- brain control of respiratory and heart systems

Vgantzas et al- insomnia a have high levels or cortisol and ACTH

Gregory et al- longitudinal study New Zealand 1,000 children- fam conflict from 9-15 cause insomnia at 18 (correlation) due to anxiety all factors controlled

22
Q

Sleep walking

A

Parasomnia- doesn’t result in severe daytime tiredness or insomnia

Psychodynamic-
Desire to sleep where you did as a child
Cannot work through unconscious anxieties during REM so spill into NREM and projected and Motor functions

Genetics
Expected concordance
Backwin- 19 MZ (47%) and 14 DZ (7%)

23
Q

Narcolepsy

A 
REM system malfunction 
Activated at random times 
Symptoms similar to REM 
Cataplexy 
Sleep paralysis 
Sleep stages fall straight into REm
Extreme daytime tiredness no NREM

Siegal narcoleptic dogs cells activated during REM is activated during cataplexy

Orexin
Decrease receptors in people with narcolepsy

24
Q

Factors affecting attitudes towards food- familiarity and Learning

A

Neophobia
5-10 exposures

Operant conditioning
Reward/ punishment

Lepper et all hupe and hule
Contingent and non contingent

25
Q

Factors affecting attitude to food- culture

A

Availability- different foods eaten based on culture
Tradition- vicarious eg Sunday roast
Religion- restrictions
-Leshum
Income- cannot afford wide range or travel-xie et al increased income better iron ect
Education- healthier choices xie et al protein calcium ect

A-Wardle 21 EU countries- 16000 young adults
Swe,Den,Nor- highest fibre
Italy,Port,Spain-highest fruit lowest fibre
U.K, scot- least fruit

26
Q

Factors effecting attitudes to food- mood and food

A 
Opiate hypothesis 
Food and drink activate opiated pathways and opiate neurotransmitters feeling of euphoria
Addictive 
Enkephalins 
Continue

Serotonin
Chocolate
Tryptophan in food

27
Q

Success and failure of dieting

A

Failed;
Boundary model- cognitive boundary
Oh well what the hell- over eats

Diet ate more than control and exercise conditions on obese women

Ice cream study high cal preload, low and no (milkshakes) dieters in high cal overate

Success; four factors 
Model of obesity( behaviour) 
Avoid denying hunger 
Food no longer reward but survival 
New identity as thin and healthy

Combined with lifestyle changes
Exercise, group and individual support (motivation) and monitor own progress (rewarding/motivating)

Interviews with successful dieters

Focus on details
13 p’s
Jelly beans

28
Q

Biological explanations of eating behaviour

A

Stomach and hormones;
Stretch receptors
Balloon case study

Ghrelin start eating
CCK stop eating
Directly proportional to hunger released from stomach

Cummings et al ghrelin assessed hunger 70 mins and when dinner was requested

Rats injected with CCK and animals with mutation

Hypothalamus;
Lateral hypothalamus- feeding centre Anand and Brobeck lesion

Ventral medial hypothalamus- satiety Hetherington and Ranson lesion

Evolutionary
Sweet salty and fatty
Taste aversion

29
Q

Biological explanations of anorexia nervosa

A

Genetics- 1% general population 4-5% genetic relative expectation

Holland et al 55% concordance MZ and 7% concordance DZ

Neurological
Serotonin Kaye Et Al Pet scans fewer receptors
Not eating- food contains tryptophan
Lateral hypothalamus may be damaged Anand and Brobeck

doesn’t explain recovery

30
Q

Biological theories of anorexia nervosa- evolutionary

A

Adapted to Flee famine hypothesis
Migrate
AN are restless with energy so can migrate and survive and reproduce

Genes passed on

Doesn’t explain why people with anorexia refuse food
May explain females- mothers- inclusive fitness

31
Q

Psychological theories of anorexia nervosa

A 
Psychodynamic; 
Control- 'good girls' 
Feel autonomous 
Remain prepubescent- stay dependant 
Family systems- diverts attention

Social Learning theory
Reward
Barlow and Durand - ‘Miss America’ over 50% of contest ends 15% underweight
National average decreased

Doesn’t explain why people continue when told too skinny- punishment

A2 Psychology Aggression (1 decks)

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