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Geography 103 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

pedogenesis

A

process of soil formation

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2
Q

Soil horizons

A 
O horizon: humus
A horizon: topsoil
E: transition
B: Subsoil
C: weathered bedrock
R: solid berock
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3
Q

4 components of soil

A

25% water
25% air
5% organic matter
45% minerals: sand, silt, clay

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4
Q

O horizon

A

organic layer, composed mainly of organic material. Top most layer.

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5
Q

A horizon

A

also rick in organic matter, activities and remains of organic matter help create this layer. most plant roots restricted here.

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6
Q

E horizon

A

formed by eluviation and Leaching by rain water. lighter in colour and a transition zone between topsoil and beadrock

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7
Q

B horizon

A

transported clay and chemicals deposited. high concentrations of aluminum, iron and clay

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8
Q

C horizon

A

unconsolidated weathered rock, little to no organic matter.

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9
Q

R horizon

A

mostly solid weathered bedrock.

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10
Q

Soil formation factors

A 
climate (warm+wet=faster)
parent material
time
organisms
topography and moisture
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11
Q

weather

A

state of the atmosphere at any given moment and comprises ever-changing events on time scales ranging from minutes to weeks.

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12
Q

climate

A

long term average of weather and the average frequency of extreme weather events

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13
Q

Biome

A

extensive geographic region with relatively uniform vegetation structute

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14
Q

gulf stream

A

warm current, discovered by Benjamin Franklin, deputy postmaster.

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15
Q

Humboldt current

A

cold current: (El Nino) Philippines-Galapagos

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16
Q

6 types of climates

A 
tropical
dry
mild mid-latitude
severe mid-latitude 
polar
highlands
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17
Q

species

A

populations that can interbreed

18
Q

geographical scales

A

(large scale) individuals –> populations –> communities and ecosystems –> Biomes –> biosphere (small scale)

19
Q

soil differences in the tropics

A

the amazon has poor quality soil due to leeching from rain, where Indonesia has rich soil due to volcanoes.

20
Q

Anthropocene

A

the age of human transformation of Earths physical systems (1800)

21
Q

First life evolution

A

3.5 billion. bacteria, cyanobacteria

22
Q

ocean light penetration depth

A

250m (blue light)

23
Q

gyre

A

larger circular ocean current

24
Q

2 kinds of ocean currents

A

1> surface currents caused by wind

2. deep ocean currents, driven by different water density

25
Q

major topographical features of the sea floor

A

mountain ranges, ocean plains, deep sea trenches, continental shelf

26
Q

two types of choral

A

cold water (all latitudes, great depths) and warm water(surface of tropics)

27
Q

three kinds of choral reefs

A

fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll

28
Q

phytoplankton

A

microscopic algae. marine ecosystems rely on them to convert solar energy to chemical energy that all other marine life needs. produces 70% of earths oxygen.

29
Q

biogeography

A

branch of geography that studies the distribution of life. “where life lives”

30
Q

biodiversity

A

of living species in a specified region

31
Q

bioflorescence

bioluminescence

A

bioflorescence: needs light to produce light
bioluminescence: produces its own light

32
Q

kelp forest threats

A 
pollution and sediment runoff
ocean warming
removal of keystone species
invasive species
harvesting
33
Q

three ways to organize a biosphere

A

the spatial geography hierarchy
the taxonomic hierarchy (evolution)
the tropic hierarchy (energy)

34
Q

homologous traits

A

came from the same thing

35
Q

Analogous traits

A

does the same thing

36
Q

two types of succession

A

primary: no life beforehand
secondary: previously existing life

37
Q

niche

A

the resources and environmental conditions that a species requires

38
Q

habitat

A

the physical environment in which an organism lives

39
Q

endemic

A

a species restricted to one geographical area

40
Q

physical limiting factors

A

light
temperature
water

41
Q

biological limiting factors

A

predation
competition
mutualism

Geography 103 (9 decks)

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