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Mind & Brain > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Categorization (categorical perception)

A

abrupt change in perception across the boundary (better at telling apart sounds that fall on either side of boundary than sounds on the same side)

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2
Q

Discrimination advantage

A

can tell differences in sound more easily across boundary than within boundary

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3
Q

Spoonerisms

A

an error in speech or deliberate play on words in which consonants

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4
Q

Syntax

A

the rules according to which words can be combined; does not require meaning

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5
Q

Mutual Exclusivity Assumption

A

“Hand me the mafer” - children ~15 months don’t know the word, so they hand over the unknown object. Reluctance to give known objects new names.

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6
Q

Taxonomic Assumption

A

New words trigger taxonomic, not thematic, relations.

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7
Q

Whole object assumption

A

Infants assume new words refer to entire objects; problems for learning object names.

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8
Q

Executive Functions

A

Higher cognitive functions that allow people to perform flexible, adaptive, goal-directed behaviors.

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9
Q

Rule

A

any distinct mapping between 2 or more stimuli and 2 more more responses

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10
Q

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

rule guided behavior, working memory, organization and planning

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11
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

A

emotion processing, motivation and reward

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12
Q

Perseveration Errors

A

repeatedly performing an action/strategy when it is no longer correct. (Ray-Lin and sorting task in video)

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13
Q

Prepotent Response

A

Responses that are fast and automatic, because they are highly overlearned or rewarded in the past.

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14
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

May serve to detect one’s own errors. Sensitive to response conflict

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15
Q

Apraxia

A

impaired ability to perform single actions (severe), multiple action sequences (less severe). Results from damage to premotor cortex or parietal lobe.

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16
Q

Utilization behavior

A

Prefrontal damage. Inability to inhibit prepotent responses to use an object; action is appropriate for the object, inappropriate for the context

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17
Q

Alien Hand Syndrome

A

o Typically results from damage to supplementary motor area (SMA)
o Lesions of anterior corpus callosum (unintended behavior by non-dominant hand)
o Lesions of supplementary motor area (unintended behavior often by dominant hand)

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18
Q

Fitness

A

measured by likelihood that a gene, trait or behavior will be represented in future generations

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19
Q

Adaptation

A

an evolutionary process that selects some features of an organism, to improve fitness in the relevant environment

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20
Q

Exaptation

A

A characteristic, previously shaped by natural selection for one function (an adaptation), is coopted for a new use – (e.g., feathers for warmth or flight, hand vs. bat wing)

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21
Q

Homology

A

a structure, behavior or gene that has been retained from a common ancestor

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22
Q

Homoplasy

A

structures that look similar but do not come from a common ancestral origin, due to convergent evolution (e.g., bat wing and fly wing)

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23
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The ability to know and represent another’s mental state including their beliefs, goals, intentions, and emotional states

24
Q

Components of emotion

A

Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

25
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

Experience of emotion results from awareness of autonomic physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

26
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion. (Cats sham rage experiment)

27
Q

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

Emotional experience requires both physiological arousal

and cognitive label of aroused state.

28
Q

Zygomatic Muscle

A

Voluntary component of smiles, muscle in cheeks.

29
Q

Orbicularis muscle

A

Involuntary component of smiles, muscle around eyes.

30
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Bilateral lesions of medial temporal cortex including amygdala. Led to unusual tameness and lack of fear, hypersexual behavior, impaired object recognition.

31
Q

Patient S.M.

A

Bilateral amygdala damage; intact hippocampus. Impaired at recognizing fearful faces, experiences little/no fear.

32
Q

implicit association test:

A

presumed to measure the strengths of automatic associations with categories. Based on response times in a classification task, involving two separate types categorical judgments.

33
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a conditioned stimulus is associated with reward (stimulus precedes response)

34
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

if the action/response precedes delivery of reinforce, that response becomes more frequent (response precedes stimulus)

35
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway Structures

A

Nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, projects to the basal ganglia, striatum, frontal cortex.

36
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway Functions

A 
Reward/Salience
Pleasure/Euphoria
Motor function (fine tuning)
Compulsion
Perseveration
37
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

DA neurons encode a reward prediction error, reflecting the difference between expected reward and actual reward. Serves as a learning signal for the frontal lobe and basal ganglia.

38
Q

Deficits from Orbitofrontal Damage

A 
Change in personality Irresponsibility  
Lack of concern for present or future
Reduced social awareness and empathy 
Lack of concern for social rules 
Impaired responses to emotional stimuli Sometimes leads to “Acquired sociopathy
39
Q

Major functions of the Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Encoding the “hedonic value” of stimuli
Assigning learned values to stimuli based on their association with other +/- outcomes
Updating value of a stimulus based on experience

40
Q

Ventromedial PFC input and connections

A

Activated by primary rewards
input: 5 senses, especially olfactory and taste
connect with amygdala, cingulate, insula, hippocampus

41
Q

Ventrolateral PFC

A

Activated by secondary/cognitive rewards

42
Q

Ventrolateral PFC damage

A
  1. difficulty “updating the value” of a stimulus or stimulus-response/perseveration (poor reversal learning)
  2. Impairments in social behavior
  3. Impaired extinction learning
43
Q

Functions of DLPFC

A
  1. Cognitive regulation of emotional responses

2. Rational judgments and controlled rational behavior

44
Q

Emotion related brain areas (ventromedial PFC, ACC, amygdala) are more active for

A
  1. Personal questions (pushing the man to save 5)

2. Non-utilitarian than utilitarian decisions

45
Q

DLPFC is more active for

A
  1. Impersonal questions (problem about the switch)

2. Utilitarian decisions

46
Q

William’s Syndrome

A

Low IQ (

47
Q

Specific Language Impairment

A

– Disorder of gene FOXP2
– Normal intelligence and intact hearing
– Impaired speech and motor control, impaired
comprehension of complex syntax
– Impaired ability to repeat words and nonwords

48
Q

Mental Lexicon

A

Stores all word-specific info
Relies on declarative, explicit memory system
Relies on temporal lobe structures

49
Q

Rule-Based Grammar

System

A

Procedural knowledge of
grammar rules for syntax
and morphology
Relies on procedural/implicit memory system
Relies on prefrontal areas and basal ganglia

50
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Patients have difficulty speaking, even though

they can understand speech and can read

51
Q

Agrammatism

A

problems with both producing and comprehending complex grammatical constructions,
especially function words

52
Q

Anomia

A

problems with finding words

53
Q

Articulation problems (dysarthria)

A

problems with pronunciation, slurred speech

54
Q

Paraphasic Errors

A

production of unintended
syllables, words, or phrases during the effort to
speak

55
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • Can speak fluent, articulate gibberish with normal prosody
  • Impaired language comprehension (Poor understanding of sentences/ words)
  • Cannot convert thoughts into coherent words and sentences
56
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Damage: conduction aphasia, impaired repetition (okay comprehension and speech production)

Mind & Brain (3 decks)

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