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Chemistry 11 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Observations

A

Qualitative information collected through direct use of the senses

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A

Way of finding out about the universe, without fooling ourselves.
Is a systematic process.

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2
Q

Qualitative Information

A

Information that is descriptive (non numerical)

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3
Q

Quantitative Infirmation

A

Information that contains numbers (measured values)

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A possible explanation for an observation

Must be testable and falsifiable

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5
Q

Data

A

Quantitative information collected from experimenting

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6
Q

Interpretation

A

An attempt to put meaning into an observation

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7
Q

Theory

A

A tested, revised, and expanded explanation that explains why nature behaves in a particular way

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8
Q

Law

A

Summarizes what happens when nature behaves in a particular way

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9
Q

System

A

Some part of the universe being examined in a given situation

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10
Q

Phase

A

Any part of a system which is uniform in both its composition and properties
A distinct region separated by visible boundaries/surfaces

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11
Q

Pure Substance

A

Substance which consists of only one phase and has unchangeable composition

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12
Q

Mixture

A

Two or more substances that are not chemically combined, such that the relative amount of each (composition) can be changed

Solution, Suspension, Colloid

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13
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

A substance consisting of only one phase

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14
Q

Heterogenous Mixture

A

More than one phase
AKA “mechanical mixture”
Are not uniform and have component substances, which, in turn, have their own independent physical properties (each pure substance in the mixture has its own MP/BP, so the sample has no fixed MP/BP)

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15
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Composed of individual particles each having diameters <1nm

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16
Q

Solvent

A

The part of a solution in greater amount

Dissolves solute

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17
Q

Solute

A

The part of a solution in lesser amount

Dissolves in the solvent

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18
Q

Colligative Properties

A

Properties of a solution that are brought about as a result of diluting the solvent with the solute
Does not depend on the properties of the solute

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19
Q

Suspensions

A

Heterogenous mixture of fluid with very large molecules or molecular aggregates which will eventually settle out
Will scatter light
Always separate into components upon standing (except colloidal)

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20
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical processes

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21
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element which retains the fundamental properties of the element

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22
Q

Ion

A

Any atom or molecule which possesses and electrical charge
Positive - cations
Negative - anions

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23
Q

Molecule

A

A unit consisting of two or more atoms very strongly held together by covalent bonds

24
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance made up of two or more types of atoms

Can be ionic or covalent

25
Q

Homogenous Substance

A

Have variable compositions, but a particular composition will have fixed, uniform physical properties

26
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space/volume

27
Q

Chemistry

A

Is the science concerned with the properties, composition and behaviour of matter

28
Q

Substance

A

Matter with a unique and identifiable set of properties

29
Q

Physical Property

A

Any property that can be found without creating s new substance

30
Q

Extensive Physical Property

A

Depends on amount of substance present
ex. mass or volume of substance
Not useful for identifying substances

31
Q

Intensive Physical Property

A

Depends only on the nature of the material
ex. Density and MP
Useful for identifying substances

32
Q

Chemical Property

A

The ability to undergo chemical reactions and to change into other new substances (which have different properties)
Can only be determined by conducting a chemical reaction
A property of a substance observed during a reaction in which a new substance/s is formed

33
Q

Hardness

A

Ability of a solid to resist abrasion or scratching

34
Q

Malleability

A

Ability to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets

35
Q

Ductility

A

Ability to be stretched or drawn into wire

36
Q

Lustre

A

The manner in which solid surface reflects light (metallic to dull)

37
Q

Viscosity

A

The resistance of fluid to flow

38
Q

Diffusion

A

The intermingling of fluids as a result of internal motion

39
Q

Vapour

A

Gaseous material formed by the evaporation of any substance which boiled above room temperature

40
Q

Vapour Pressure

A

The pressure created by a vapour evaporating from a liquid

41
Q

Hand Separation

A

For separation of mechanical mixtures

Phases are easily distinguishable and this allows easy sorting

42
Q

Sieving and Filtration

A

For separating mechanical mixtures

Principle is separation based on different sizes of particles

43
Q

Evaporation

A

For separating a dissolved sold solute from the solvent in a solution
In solutions, the dissolved molecules have diameters > 1nm (too small to be caught by a filter)

44
Q

Distillation

A

For separating a liquid in a liquid solution’(homogenous substance)
Heat solution until first BP reached, liquid with lowest BP begins to boil until it completely boils off (temperature will remained fixed until then), will condense, in the condensing tube, off as distillate. Repeats for second liquid
Different components must have different BP
*see inkflow for diagram

45
Q

Solvent Extraction

A

a) extraction of a solid from a mechanical mixture of solids
One of two solids dissolves leaving the other sold behind

b)extraction of a dissolved liquid (or solid) from a liquid solution
Used to separate a solute from a solvent by migration of the solute into a second solvent with which it is more soluble
To solvent solvents must be miscible

46
Q

Miscible

A

Two liquids are miscible if they are mutually soluble in each other in any given proportions
Said to be immiscible if they are insoluble in each other

47
Q

Recrystallization

A

Used to purify impure solid
Dissolves the solid in enough water to form a nearly-saturated solution, as water begins to evaporate, crystals begin to form, impurities stay dissolved in water and the new crystal is pure
As long as water doesn’t completely evaporate, impurities don’t return
Can be collected by hand separation

48
Q

Gravity Separation

A

Separation of solids from a mechanical mixture based on their different densities
The force of gravity causes less dense substances to rise above those with greater density
When a solid is produced during a chemical reaction, it is usually more dense than the solution and so it sinks
Solid that collects called precipitate, remainder that floats above the precipitate is supernatant
Speed up process using a centrifuge which spins the mixture, speeding up the precipitation, because if more gravity force experience

49
Q

Chromatography

A

Many kinds
Used to separate a mixture of two or more dissolved solids
Each solute is simultaneously attracted to a stationary and mobile phase
If the attraction is greater to stationary phase, migration is smaller, if lesser, migration distance is larger
Rf = d1/d2
D1= distance travelled by components
D2= distance travelled by solvent

50
Q

Physical Change

A

Those where no new substances are produced

51
Q

Chemical Change

A

Those where one or more new substances are produced

52
Q

Melting Point

A

Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid

Same as freezing point when liquid is cooled

53
Q

Boiling Point

A

Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid

Same as condensation point when gas is cooled

54
Q

The Kinetic Molecular Theory

A

Matter is composed of atoms that are constantly in motion. They transfer energy elastically when they collide

55
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy that molecules have as a result of their motion

56
Q

Rotational Kinetic Energy

A

The energy a molecule has as a result of rotation about one of its axes

57
Q

Vibrational Kinetic Energy

A

Energy molecule has as a result of changes in the bond length and/or bond angles

58
Q

Translational Kinetic Energy

A

Energy molecule has as a result of its straight line motion through space

Chemistry 11 (6 decks)

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