Unit 3 Flashcards
___ (~500 types in mammals) passes the ubiquitin on ___ to a lysine residue on the target protein
E3; E2
___ binds and activates ubiquitin (1 gene in mammals)
binds and activates ubiquitin (1 gene in mammals)
____ is bound by Grb2
Sos
_____ actin formation results in parallel fibers
Formin
_____ domain binds to proline containing peptides (Pro-X-X-Pro)
SH3
_____ exchanges Ras-GDP to be Ras-GTP
Sos
______ actin formation results in branched network
Arp2/3
______ and _______ are located on the target membrane in vesicular transport
Syntaxin; SNAP
______ domain binds to Phospho-tyrosine containing peptides
SH2
______ for Golgi to plasma membrane
Clathrin
______ have no +/- ends (nucleotide-independent)
Intermediate Filaments
______ helices have positively charged residues (Arg/Lys) at every third position; _____ helices sense the voltage
S4; S4
______ inhibits mTOR kinase activity and cell proliferation
Rapamycin (bound to FKBP)
______ is an adaptor protein with SH2 and SH3 binding domains
Grb2
______ is the executioner caspase that results in many of the characteristics of apoptosis
Caspase-3
______ is the tumor suppressor for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
APC
_______ binds to SCAP-SREBP and packages it into a vesicle to go to the Golgi
Sec24
_______ (transmembrane protein, CNX) and _______ (soluble ER lumen protein) bind oligosaccharide chain on a protein if glucose is exposed
Calnexin; calreticulin
_______ and/or _______ loss/mutation results in ccRCC with different features and outcomes
BAP; PRBM1
_______ are calcium binding motifs that are strongly conserved in all plants and animals
EF Hands
_______ are microtubule motor proteins for movement toward the + end
Kinesins
_______ bind cargo and interact with NPC to enter the nucleus
Imp-alpha and Imp-Beta
_______ binds and changes syntaxin back into active conformation
Sec1
_______ binds RanGTP and hydrolyzes it to RanGDP
GTPase Activating Protein (GAP)
_______ binds to SCAP (_______ Cleavage Activating Protein), which binds cholesterol
SREBP; SREBP
_______ binds to SCAP and SREBP in the ER membrane
Insig
_______ Channel Blockers preserve axons
sodium
_______ determines volume of a cell
Water
_______ encodes integral membrane protein kinase that is amplified in about 20% of breast cancers
Her2/Neu (ErbB2)
_______ for ER to Golgi (forward)
COPII
_______ for Golgi to ER (backward)
COPI
_______ forces are much stronger (1018 times ) than _______ forces
Electric; osmotic
_______ have higher rates of apoptosis
Lymphocytes
_______ have lower rates of apoptosis
Fibroblasts
_______ hydrolyze the second messengers cAMP or cGMP
Phosphodiesterases
_______ increase microtubule instability by exposing GDP rich regions
Microtubule Severing Proteins
_______ inhibits Calcineurin, which blocks NFAT dephosphorylation and downstream effects
Cyclosporin (bound to cyclophilin)
_______ inhibits nuclear translocation, co-activator recruitment, and DNA binding of androgen receptor
Enzalutamide
_______ is located on the vesciular membrane during vesicular transport.
Vesical Associated Membrane Protein (VAMP)
_______ is the leading cause of disability in young women
Multiple Sclerosis
_______ is the most common cause of ccRCC (64%); ccRCC account for 75% of RCCs
Von-Hippel Lindau
_______ is the signal caspase that activates caspase-3 in the extrinsic pathway
Caspase-8
_______ is the signal caspase that activates caspase-3 in the intrinsic pathway
Caspase-9
_______ is used to improve walking speed in patients with MS
Dalframpridine
_______ mutant adenoviruses cannot inactivate _______, so they kill p53 cancer cells preferentially
E1B; p53
_______ mutations link to nephrotic syndrome (glomerular filtration defect) and to neuromuscular junction/muscle innervation problems in children
Laminin
_______ prevents G protein coupling
Beta-arrestin
_______ replaces GDP with GTP to regenerate RanGTP
Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF)
_______ sodium entry into the cell slows nerve conduction
increased
_______ transduces a signal into the cell interior, which recruits adaptor molecule ____, which activates _____, which activates Caspase-3
Fas/CD95; FADD; Caspase-8
_______ used to lower cholesterol inhibit _______.
Statins; HMGCoA
_______ uses 6 ATP to unbind SNAREs
NSF
________ (ATP analogue) can inhibit ABL kinase that is overexpressed due to the BCR-ABL translocation (_______ chromosome)
Gleevac; Philadelphia
________ (G protein receptors) result in bronchoconstriction
m3 muscarinic
________ (G protein receptors) result in bronchodilation (and dilation of vasculature)
Beta-adrenergic
________ (G protein receptors) result in decreased heart rate and contraction
m2 muscarinic
________ (G protein receptors) result in increased heart rate and contraction
Alpha-adrenergic
________ (G protein receptors) result in peripheral vasoconstriction that decreases blood flow to skin and increased blood pressure
Beta-adrenergic
_______, a member of the _______ family of oncogenes is used as a diagnostic tool in neuroblastoma
N-myc; c-myc
_______(G protein receptors) act on Adenylyl Cyclase
Beta-adrenergic, m2 muscarinic
_______(G protein receptors) act on Protein Lipase C
Alpha-adrenergic, m3 muscarinic\
_______activates transcription factors: VEGF, PDGF, TGFα, and TGFβ, which result in cancer growth.
HIFα
_______is a protein channel that allows the polypeptide chain to be transported into the ER lumen as the protein is being translated
Translocon
· are microtubule motor proteins for movement toward the - end
Dynesin
Activated ubiquitin is passed to ___
E2
Alpha Adrenergic Agonist
phenylephrine
Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist
prozasin
assists with folding and association with protein disulfide isomerases
BiP
Bacteria (Ex. _______) secrete toxins that bind to the membrane, are incorporated into the membrane, and then complex to form pores that destroy the cell
Listeria
based on the effect of solutes on the final volume of the cell
Tonicity
Beta Adrenergic Agonist
isoproterenol, albuterol (lungs)
Beta Adrenergic Antagonist
propanolol, metaprolol
Bevacizumab inhibits _______ binding to receptor
VEGF
bHLH SREBP moves to the nucleus, binds to DNA promoters, and activates many genes to produce more _______
LDLR (to bring more cholesterol into the cell) and enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway
Binds to the extracellular side of NaV channel, just within entrance of the pore above the selectivity filter
Tetrodotoxin
Ca2+ binding of ______ domains causes the protein to associate with the plasma membrane
C2
Composed of glycerol with two long fatty acid chains and a polar head group connected to glycerol via a phosphate group
Phospholipid
Consist of sphingosine backbone with fatty chains/fatty acid tails and a polar head group connected via a phosphate group
Sphingolipid
Ctx ultimately results in constitutive activation of _______
CFTR
Define CBIGK
Calcium; Bicarbonate; Insulin and Glucose; Kayexalate
Donnan Rule: _______
[Ion1]I[Ion2]I=[Ion1]O[Ion2]O
EC [Cl]
145 mM
EC [K]
5 mM
EC [Na]
140 mM
EC [water]
55,000 mM
Elongated molecules that forma coiled coil dimer that is assembled into a staggered tetramer
Intermediate Filaments
Epithelial cell secretion is driven by _____.
Cl-
Feeds protein into its chamber and ATP hydrolysis is used to help the protein fold and prevent aggregation
Hsp60
Flipping of these lipids so that there is higher content of _______ on the outer leaflet signals macrophages to destroy the cell
phosphatidylserine
For negative ions, if the equilibrium potential is greater than the membrane potential, ions will tend to flow out, and a pump is required to pump them _____
in
For negative ions, if the equilibrium potential is less than the membrane potential, ions will tend to flow in, and a pump is required to pump them _____
out
For positive ions, if the equilibrium potential is greater than the membrane potential, the ions will tend to flow into the cell, and a pump is required to pump them ______
out
For positive ions, if the equilibrium potential is less than the membrane potential, the ions will tend to flow out of the cell, and a pump is required to pump them _____
in
H-H equation for Bicarbonate system: _______
pH = 6.1 + log ([HCO3-]mM/ .03Pco2mmHg)
Helps protein fold by binding to exposed hydrophobic patches in incompletely folded proteins
Hsp70
Higher capacitance ~ _______ spread of current
slower
Higher internal resistance ~ _______ spread in current
smaller
Higher membrane resistance ~ _______ spread of current
larger
Hsp70-like protein that uses ATP to help proteins properly fold
BiP
IC [A]
126 mM
IC [Cl]
5 mM
IC [K]
145 mM
IC [Na]
14 mM
IC [water]
55,000 mM
In cholera, ______ alters intestinal permeability through a cascade of intracellular events that leads to tight junction disassembly
Zot
In co-translational translocation, the signal sequence on the protein is recognized and bound by _______
SRP (Signal Recognition Particle)
In presence of VHL, _______ is ubiquitinated by _______ and undergoes degradation
HIFα; VHL
Inn the nucleus, interaction with _______ causes a conformational change in the importins, such that the cargo is released
RanGTP
Insulin acts in adipose, liver, and muscle tissues and serves to _______
STORE energy
Intracellular membranes have less _______ than the cell membrane and therefore have _______ thickness
cholesterol; less
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is usually associated with a mutation in ______.
p53
m2 Muscarinic Antagonist
atropine
m2/m3 Muscarinic Agonist
muscarine
m3 Muscarinic Antagonist
atropine, ipratropium
Major Metabolic disturbances in PKA: _______ (4)
Hyperglycemia, Acidosis, Potassium Derangements, Dehydration
Membranes are more permeable to ____ than any other ion
K+
Mutations in ______ have been linked to various progeria syndromes
Lamins
Myelin increases the _______ and decreases the _______, which both increase the _______
membrane resistance; membrane capacitance; length constant
Nernst Equation: _______
E = 60/z*log(CO/CI)
Normal [HCO3-] in blood
24mM
Normal Blood pH _____ (arterial)
7.34-7.44
Normal Blood pH _____ (venousl)
7.28-7.42
Normal pCO2 in blood
40 mm Hg
Normally the mitochondrial membrane is guarded by anti-apoptotic factors ______
Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL
PC, sphingomyelin, glycolipids are common to the _______ leaflet.
extracellular
Protein related to caspase-8 that competes with capsase-8 for binding to FADD; produced in Herpes viruses such as Kaposi’s Sarcoma)
FLIP
PS, PI, and PE (all negatively charged) are common to the _______ leaflet
intracellular
Ran Binding Protein separates _______ from Ran___
importin; GTP
RanGDP binds to _______, which returns RanGDP to the nucleus
Nuclear Transport Factor NUTF2
Rb is ____phosphorylated in non-proliferating cells at __ or __ in the cell cycle
hypo; G0; G1
Rb is ____phosphorylated in rapidly proliferating cells at __ or __ in the cell cycle
hyper; S; G2
Reflection coefficient of 0 means _______.
complete permeability
Reflection coefficient of 1 means _______.
no permeability
Small endocytic vesicles that form without coat proteins
Caveolae
Specific and potent inhibitor of CYP 17
Abireterone
SREBP binds to _______ (SREBP _______), which binds cholesterol
SCAP; Cleavage Activating Protein
The membrane potential lies closest to the equilibrium potential of _____
K+
The mitochondrial membrane is made permeable to _______, which activates _____, which activates _____, which activates Caspase-3
Cytochrome C; Apaf 1; Caspase-9
total concentration of solute particles
osmolarity
Transport vesicle remains attached to membrane until pinched off by ______
Dynamin
Unlike _______, in _______, hits can be on different genes
Retinoblastoma; Li-Fraumeni
V-erb-B codes for a protein similar in structure to cell surface receptor for _______.
epidermal growth factor
VHL is a protein that is involved in complex with _______, which targets proteins for ubiquitination
HIFα and HIFβ
What pathology is characterized by ataxia, spasticity, paretic, foot drop, sensory deficit, fatigue?
Multiple Sclerosis
What pathology is characterized by formation of cystic and highly vascularized tumors in many organs?
Von-Hippel Lindau
What pathology is characterized by immune response against myelin in axons innervating muscles?
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
What pathology is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, rapid deep breathing, and nausea/vomiting?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
What pathology is characterized by voluminous watery feces, vomiting, and severe and rapid deydration?
Cholera
When cholesterol is _______, Insig is released from _______
low; SCAP
When Rb is _____phosphorylated, it cannot repress entry of cells into the S phase.
hyper
