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Child Psychopathology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Asperger’s Disorder (AD)

A

A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by major difficulties in social interaction and unusual patterns of interest and behavior in children with relatively intact cognitive and communication skills.

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2
Q

Autism

A

A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social functioning and in language and communication, and by unusual interests and behaviors. More specifically, autism affects every aspect of the child’s interaction with his or her world, involves many parts of the brain, and undermines the very traits that make us human–our social responsiveness, ability to communicate, and feelings for other people.

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3
Q

Autistic Disorder

A

DSM-IV-TR diagnostic category used to describe children with autism

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4
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

Autism spectrum disorders include several pervasive develompental disorders (PDDs), all characterized by significant impairments in social and communication skills, and stereotyped patterns of interest and behaviors. These include autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)

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5
Q

Central Coherence

A

The strong tendency of humans to interpret stimuli in a relatively global way that takes the broader context into account.

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6
Q

Childhood Disintegrating Disorder (CDD)

A

A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by a significant loss of previously acquired skills, as well as the presence of abnormalities in two of the following three areas of functioning: social interaction, communication, and patterns of behavior, interests and activities.

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7
Q

Childhood Onset Schizophrenia

A

A progressive neurodevelopmental disorder.

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8
Q

Communication Deviance

A

A measure of interpersonal attention and thought disturbance observed in families of children with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder. Children from families with high communication deviance show the most severe impairment and the poorest attentional functioning

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9
Q

Delusions

A

Disturbances in thinking involving disordered thought content and strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality

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10
Q

Discrete Trial Training

A

A method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that involves a step-by-step approach of presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response.

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11
Q

Echolalia

A

A child’s immediate or parrot-like repetition of words or word combinations.

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12
Q

Hallucinations

A

Disturbances in perception in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed even though they are not real or present.

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13
Q

Incidental Training

A

A method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that works to strengthen the behavior by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities.

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14
Q

Joint Attention

A

The ability to coordinate one’s focus of attention on another person and an object of mutual interest.

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15
Q

Mentalization

A

Awareness of other people’s and one’s own mental stats. Also referred to as theory of mind.

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16
Q

Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia

A

This model proposes that genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults result in impaired connections among many brain regions. This defective neural circuitry is then vulnerable to dysfunction and ultimately revealed by developmental processes and events during puberty and by exposure to stress. The neurodevelopmental model is consistent with findings that infants and children who later develop schizophrenia often display developmental impairments in motor, language, cognitive, and social functioning well before the onset of their psychotic symptoms

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17
Q

Operant Speech Training

A

A strategy used to help children use language more appropriately. It involves a step-by-step approach that successively increases the child’s vocalizations; teaches the child to imitate sounds and words; and teaches the child to use language expressively to label objects, make verbal requests, and express desires. This training is often employed for children with autism.

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18
Q

Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified

A

A disorder in which the child displays social, communication, and behavioral impairments associated with PDD, but does not meet the criteria for PDD, schizophrenia, or other disorders.

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19
Q

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs)

A

A category of disorders characterized by severe and extensive impairments in social interaction and communication skills, along with stereotyped patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities

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20
Q

Pragmatics

A

The aspect of language that focuses on its appropriate use in social and communicative contexts.

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21
Q

Preservation of Sameness

A

A characteristic of children with autistic disorder who show an anxious and obsessive insistence on the maintenance of sameness that no one but the child may disrupt. Changes in daily routine, arrangement of objects, or the wording of requests, or the sight of anything broken or incomplete will produce tantrums or despair

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22
Q

Pronoun Reversals

A

The repetition of personal pronouns exactly as heard, without changing them according to the person being referred to. For example, if asked “Are you hungry?” one might reply “You are hungry,” rather than “I am hungry”

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23
Q

Protodeclarative Gestures

A

Gestures or vocalizations that direct the visual attention of other people to objects of shared interest, such as pointing to a dog; done with the prime purpose of engaging another person in interaction.

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24
Q

Protoimperative Gestures

A

Gestures or vocalizations used to express needs, such as pointing to an object that one desires but cannot reach.

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25
Q

Rett’s Disorder

A

A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by a deceleration of head growth in the early years, a loss of previously acquired purposeful hand skills with subsequent development of stereotyped hand movements, a loss of social engagement, poorly coordinated gait or trunk movements, severe impairments in expressive and receptive language development, and severe psychomotor retardation.

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26
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A form of psychotic disorder that involves characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior.

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27
Q

Self-Stimulatory Behaviors.

A

Repetitive body movements or movements of objects, such as hand flapping or spinning a pencil.

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28
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The cognition and understanding of mental states that cannot be observed directly, such as beliefs and desires, both in one’s self and in others. Also referred to as mentalization.

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29
Q

Communication Disorders

A

A diagnostic term that refers to difficulty producing speech sounds (phological disorder) or with speech fluency (stuttering); difficulty using spoken language to communicate (expressive language disorder); or difficulty understanding what other people say (mixed expressive-receptive language disorder).

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30
Q

Decoding

A

A skill necessary for reading that involves breaking words down into parts

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31
Q

Direct Instruction

A

An approach to teaching children with learning disorders based on the premise that to improve a skill the instructional activities have to approximate those of the skill being taught.

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32
Q

Dyslexia

A

Disorder of reading not due to low intelligence

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33
Q

Expressive Language Disorder

A

A form of communication disorder characterized by deficits in expression despite normal comprehension of speech.

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34
Q

Inclusion

A

The education strategies that are based on the premise that the abilities of children with special needs will improve from associating with normally developing peers and being spared the effects of labeling and special placements

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35
Q

Learning Disabilities

A

A general term that refers to significant problems in mastering one or more of the following skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and mathematics.

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36
Q

Learning Disorders

A

A diagnostic term that refers to specific problems in reading (disorder of reading), math (disorder of mathematics), or writing ability (disorder of written expressions) as determined by achievement test results that are substantially below what would be expected for the child’s age, schooling, and intellectual ability.

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37
Q

Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder

A

A form of communication disorder characterized by deficits in expressive language coupled with a difficulty in understanding some aspects of speech (i.e., deficits in receptive language)

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38
Q

Nonverbal Learning Disabilities

A

Learning disabilities characterized by deficits related to right-hemisphere brain functioning, such as problems in social skills, spatial orientation, and problem solving.

39
Q

Phonemes

A

The basic sounds that make up language.

40
Q

Phonological Awareness

A

A broad construct that includes recognition of the relationship that exists between sounds and letters, detection of rhyme and alliteration, and awareness that sounds can be manipulated within syllables in words.

41
Q

Phonological Disorder

A

A form of communication disorder characterized by difficulties in articulation or sound production, but not necessarily in word expression.

42
Q

Phonology

A

The ability to learn and store phonemes as well as the rules for combining the sounds into meaningful units or words. Deficits in phonology are a chief reason that most children are adults with communication and learning disorders have problems in language-based activities such as learning to read and spell.

43
Q

Unexpected Discrepancy

A

A basic premise of definitions of learning disorders that denotes a disparity or discrepancy between an individual’s measure ability and actual performance.

44
Q

Chronic Illness

A

An illness that is long lasting and often reversible

45
Q

Dyssomnias

A

A category of sleep disorders involving difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep. Such disorders are often characterized by problems with getting enough sleep, not sleeping when one wants to, and not feeling refreshed after sleeping.

46
Q

Encopresis

A

The passage of feces into inappropriate places, such as clothing, whether involuntary or intentional.

47
Q

Enuresis

A

Involuntary discharge of urine occurring in persons over 5 years of age or the development equivalent.

48
Q

Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

A

A lifelong metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to metabolize carbohydrates due to inadequate pancreatic release of insulin.

49
Q

Metabolic Control

A

The degree to which an individual’s glucose level is maintained within the normal range (in reference to diabetes mellitus)

50
Q

Morbidity

A

The various forms of physical and functional consequences and limitations that result from an illness.

51
Q

Nightmares

A

A form of parasomnia that occurs during REM sleep and is characterized by repeated awakenings with detailed recall of extended and extremely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.

52
Q

Parasomnias

A

A category of sleep disorders in which behavioral or physiological events intrude on ongoing sleep. Persons suffering from parasomnias often complain of unusual behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking and nightmares.

53
Q

Psychological Factors Affecting Physical Condition

A

Psychological disorders or conditions that are presumed to cause or exacerbate a physical condition.

54
Q

Sleep Terrors

A

A form of parasomnia that occurs during deep sleep and is characterized by abrupt awakening, accompanied by autonomic arousal but no recall.

55
Q

Sleepwalking

A

A form of parasomnia hat occurs during deep sleep, in which the individual gets out of bed and walks around but has no recall of such activity upon awakening.

56
Q

Somatoform Disorders

A

A group of related problems involving physical symptoms that resemble or suggest a medical condition, but lack organic or physiological evidence: somatization (i.e., expression of feelings through physical symptoms), hypochondriasis (i.e., preoccupation with real or fancied ailments), and pain disorders (e.g., recurring stomach pains).

57
Q

Substance Abuse

A

In contrast to substance dependence, this diagnosis involves one or more harmful and repeated negative consequences of substance use over the last 12 months. Because substance dependence is the more serious diagnosis, a diagnosis of substance abuse is not given if an individual meets criteria for substance dependence.

58
Q

Substance Dependence

A

A diagnosis of an adolescent (or adult) who must show a maladaptive pattern of substance use for at least 12 months, accompanied by three or more significant clinical signs of distress; tolerance (the need for increased amounts to achieve intoxication), withdrawal (cognitive and physiological changes upon discontinuation of the drug), and other indices of compulsive use. Substance dependence is also characterized as with or without physiological dependence (i.e., with or without evidence of tolerance or withdrawal).

59
Q

Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)

A

Disorders that occur during adolescence and include substance dependence and substance abuse that result from the self-administration of any substance that alters mood, perception, or brain functioning.

60
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

A severe eating disorder characterized by the refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a significant disturbance in the individual’s perception and experiences of his or her own size.

61
Q

Binge

A

Episode of overeating that involves both excessive amounts of food and a lack of control.

62
Q

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

A

A disorder that involves periods of excessive eating with a feeling a loss of control. It is similar to binge eating but without the compensatory behaviors and has become increasingly widespread during this age of abundant fast food and obesity

63
Q

Binge eating/purging type

A

A type of anorexia whereby the individual regularly engages in episodes of binge eating or purging, or both.

64
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by an effort to compensate by self-induced vomiting or other means of purging. Individuals with bulimia are also unduly influenced by body shape and weight, and are obsessed with food.

65
Q

Childhood Obesity

A

A chronic medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat relative to gender- and age-based norms

66
Q

Compensatory Behaviors

A

Behavior shown by persons suffering from bulimia nervosa to prevent weight gain following a binge episode. Compensatory behaviors include self-induced vomiting, fasting, exercising, and the misuse of diuretics, laxatives, enemas, or diet pills (also see purging).

67
Q

Drive for Thinness

A

A motivational variable underlying dieting and body image, among young females in particular, whereby the individual believes that losing more weight is the answer to overcoming her troubles and achieving success.

68
Q

Eating Attitudes

A

A person’s belief that cultural standards for attractiveness, body image, and social acceptance are closely tied to the ability to control one’s diet and weight gain.

69
Q

Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)

A

A category of eating disorders that includes problems that do not quite fulfill the criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. The EDNOS category is less stringent than DSM-IV-TR criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, and therefore is sometimes more appropriate for adolescents

70
Q

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

A

Characterized by weight below the fifth percentile for age, and/or deceleration in the rate of weight gain from birth to the present of at least 2 standard deviations, using standard growth charts for comparison

71
Q

Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood

A

A disorder characterized by a sudden or marked deceleration of weight gain in an infant or a young child (under age 6) and a slowing or disruption of emotional and social development

72
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

The body’s balance of energy expenditure. Metabolic rate is determined by genetic and physiological makeup, along with eating and exercise habits.

73
Q

Pica

A

A form of eating disorder in which the infant or toddler persists in eating inedible, nonnutritive substances. This disorder is one of the more common and usually less serious eating disorders found among very young children

74
Q

Purging

A

Behavior aimed at ridding the body of consumed food, including self-induced vomiting and the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. (Also see compensatory behavior).

75
Q

Restricting Type

A

A type of anorexia where the individual uses dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise to lose or avoid gaining weight. During the current episode of anorexia, the person has not engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior.

76
Q

Set Point

A

A comfortable range of body weight that the body tries to “defend” and maintain.

77
Q

Betrayal

A

The degree to which a child feels a perpetrator gained his or her confidence though manipulation and coercion, as well as by the position of trust or authority held by the perpetrator. As a consequence, the child’s emotional needs may be compromised by intense and contradictory feelings of the need for closeness and the fear of it.

78
Q

Child Maltreatment

A

The abuse and neglect of children by their parents or by others responsible for their welfare. Child maltreatment is a generic term used to refer to the four primary acts of physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse of persons less than 18 years of age.

79
Q

Cycle of Violence Hypothesis

A

The repetition of patterns of violent behavior across generations. For example, persons who are abused as children are more likely to be abusive toward others as adults.

80
Q

Dissociation

A

An altered state of consciousness in which the individual feels detached from the body or self. This process may be voluntary or involuntary, and can be adaptive when resistance or escape from a life-threatening situation is not possible.

81
Q

Educational Neglect

A

Failure to provide for a child’s basic educational needs, including allowing chronic truancy, failing to enroll a child of mandatory school age in school, and failing to attend to a special educational need.

82
Q

Emotion Regulation

A

The processes by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning.

83
Q

Emotional Neglect

A

Failure to provide for a child’s basic emotional needs, including marked inattention to the child’s needs for affection, refusal or of failure to provide needed psychological care, spousal abuse in the child’s presence, and permission of drug or alcohol use by the child.

84
Q

Expectable Environment

A

External conditions or surroundings that are considered to be fundamental and necessary for healthy development. The expectable environment for infants includes protective and nurturant adults and opportunities for socialization; for older children it includes a supportive family, contact with peers, and ample opportunities to explore and master the environment.

85
Q

Information Processing Disturbances

A

Cognitive misperceptions and distortions in the way events are perceived and interpreted.

86
Q

Non-accidental Trauma

A

The wide-ranging effects of maltreatment on the child’s ongoing physical and emotional development.

87
Q

Pedophilia

A

Sexual activity or sexually arousing fantasies involving prepubescent child by someone who is at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child.

88
Q

Physical Abuse

A

The infliction or risk of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or otherwise intentionally harming a child.

89
Q

Physical Neglect

A

Failure to provide for a child’s basic physical needs, including refusal of or delay in seeking health care, inadequate provision of food, abandonment, expulsion from the home or refusal to allow a runaway to return home, inadequate supervision, and inadequate provision of clean clothes.

90
Q

Relational Disorders

A

Disorders that occur in the context of relationships, such as child abuse and neglect. Relational disorders signify the connection between children’s behavior patterns and the availability of a suitable childbearing environment.

91
Q

Sexual Abuse

A

Abusive acts that are sexual in nature, including fondling a child’s genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials.

92
Q

Traumatic Sexualization

A

One possible outcome of child’s sexual abuse, whereby the child’s sexual knowledge and behavior are shaped in developmentally inappropriate ways.

93
Q

Victimization

A

Abuse or mistreatment of someone whose ability to protect himself or herself is limited (e.g., the mistreatment of a child by his or her parents).

Child Psychopathology (2 decks)

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