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Western Civ > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Standing armies contributed to

A

an explosion of knowledge

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2
Q

To discover truth, renaissance thinkers looked

A

at the world around them, not the Bible

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3
Q

Machiavelli’s The Prince, key text in policy:

A

how to acquire and maintain power. Better to be feared than loved

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4
Q

Science of the Renaissance is the root of

A

modern science

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5
Q

Tradition of science from Greece and Rome…

A

endured through the Middle Ages into the Renaissance

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6
Q

Primary characteristic of Renaissance was

A

fixed universe with knowable laws that is unchanging

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7
Q

Alchemist

A

critical in the continuation in the scientific tradition

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8
Q

In Middle Ages, science was…

A

closely interwoven with theology

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9
Q

Copernicus dates

A

1473-1543

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10
Q

Copernicus was most famous for

A

the revolution of the heavenly orbs: sun is the center of the universe

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11
Q

Galileo dates

A

1564-1642

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12
Q

Galileo

A

Gravity pulls objects downward

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13
Q

Italian Renaissance

A

secular, individualism, reject tradition, embrace freedom

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14
Q

Northern Renaissance

A

Christian, corporate life, discipline/order/duty are emphasized

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15
Q

Europe goes global in order to

A

share the blessings of their advancement and progress with the world

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16
Q

Famous European explorers:

A

Chris Columbus, Magellan, Ponstalion

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17
Q

Protestant Reformation and Renaissance similarity:

A

focus on the individual

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18
Q

Protestant Reformation and Renaissance difference:

A

individual’s focus is on one’s relationship with God

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19
Q

Martin Luther “ “ God.

A

feared

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20
Q

While living in a monastery, Luther discovered in Romans…

A

we are saved by grace, not works.

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21
Q

Catholic church does not approve because:

A
  1. Priesthood of all believers

2. Their power was greatly decreased. No longer needed the middle man

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22
Q

Luther called before the Diet of Worms, they order him to recant, he says-

A

“Here I stand. I can do no other.”

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23
Q

Who loved Martin Luther?

A

King Henry VIII

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24
Q

He loved him because:

A

Church wouldn’t let him get divorced, if church was wrong about grace they could be wrong about divorce, sets up Church of England and points himself head

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25
Q

Reformation spreads…

A

rapidly throughout the western/central Europe

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26
Q

Primary beliefs written down in…

A

the Augsburg’s confession- written by Phillip Melanchton

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27
Q

Because of this,

A

seeds of warfare are sown

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28
Q

Counter reformation:

Catholic leaders meet at Council of Trent to

A

establish official beliefs of the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant reformation

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29
Q

Main themes:

A
  1. Faith is based on scripture AND traditions
  2. Good works ARE important to salvation
  3. Transubstantiation is THE explanation for the Eucharist (Wine and bread become Jesus’ body)
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30
Q

Agree to a cease fire, sign the…

A

Augsburg Compromise 1555- doesn’t last

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31
Q

Cujus regio, cujus religio

A

Religion of the ruling prince was the religion of the people

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32
Q

30 Years War dates

A

1618-1648

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33
Q

Ferdinand declares…

A

Catholicism over Protestantism

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34
Q

Protestants get angry and go after 2 catholic officials because

A

Ferdinand runs away

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35
Q

Crazed Protestants corner officials and…

A

throw them out the window, therefore sparking the 30 Years War

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36
Q

Most of the fighting occurs in…

A

Germany

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37
Q

__% of the German population die

A

40

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38
Q

War spills out and includes

A

most of Europe

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39
Q

Most famous warrior

A

Albert Wallenstein: both strategist and warrior

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40
Q

Who wins?

A

NO ONE

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41
Q

They sign…

A

The Peace of Westphalia

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42
Q

Most significant point:

A

countries will now respect religious freedoms

43
Q

Inaugurate the ______-______ ________ characterized by elected governments existing under the law, committed to protecting ________ _______ and _______.

A

nation-state system, religious freedoms and liberties

44
Q

American Revolution

A

…

45
Q

Prelude to the war:

A

7 Years War (French and Indian War) (1754-1761)

46
Q

________ vs _________

A

French and Indian vs British colonists

47
Q

Flashpoint:

A

Ohio River Valley(timber)- both claimed they owned it

48
Q

Who physically occupied the territory first?

A

French

49
Q

British send message:

A

Surrender or else, war begins

50
Q

French/Indian have upper hand because of…

A

flawed British military tactics

51
Q

Turning point:

A

British change uniforms, break formation, hide behind trees, strike out at French

52
Q

British defeat the French because of…

A

shift in military tactics and France’s failure to support the French side

53
Q

Treat of Paris

A

(1763) France rescinds all of its claims to territory except for Louisiana

54
Q

Consequences:

British expect…

A

to be paid

55
Q

Taxes:

A

Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Quartering Act

56
Q

American leader argue against tax laws because of

A

lack of representation

57
Q

Americans throw snowballs at British soldiers, one panics and yells FIRE and…

A

British soldiers fire into crowd, 5 killed, dozens wounded — Boston Massacre

58
Q

Anger is focused upon…

A

English tea when colonists refuse to unload cargos of English tea

59
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

December 16, 1773

60 men, 342 chests of tea

60
Q

GB throws down the hammer:

A

Intolerable Acts- Boston Harbor will stay closed until Boston pays for all the tea

61
Q

In response…

A

leaders from every colony gather at the first continental congress in Philadelphia in 1774

62
Q

Significance:

A

first time American colonies acted together

63
Q

Pinnacle moment:

A

Patrick Henry says, “Give me liberty or give me death.”

64
Q

Events leading up to the war:

Declaratory Acts

A

Britain may do anything legally to her own colonists

65
Q

Lexington/Concord:

Weapons stored in

A

Concord, so British soldiers left Boston at night to get them (April 18, 1775)

66
Q

Paul Revere declare

A

British are coming

67
Q

Minutemen gather in…

A

Lexington to stop the British

68
Q

Next morning, British commander warns…

A

“Lay down your weapons, rebels, or you’ll all die.”

69
Q

Results:

A

8 minutemen die, rest scatter, British retreat to Boston, war begins

70
Q

Bunker Hill

A

First major battle (June 17, 1775)

71
Q

British attack American soldiers camped on Bunker Hill…

A

After 3 British charges, Britain gain control of the hill – not worth winning

72
Q

Thomas Paine wrote

A

Common Sense– incredibly influential in turning American tide toward revolution, intensity increases

73
Q

Fighting going on…

A

before the declaration is signed

74
Q

Throughout above process, the goal morphs…

A

from representation to independence

75
Q

Second Continental Congress:

A

(1776)

  1. Appoint George Washington commander of colonial army
  2. Meets shortly after RI declares independence
  3. TJ appointed to write Dec. of Ind.
76
Q

3 Parts of D of I

A
  1. If a king violates our rights, we can revolt
  2. Long list of grievances against King George
  3. The actual declaration
77
Q

British response to D of I

A

send more troops

78
Q

First half of the goes _____ for the Americans

A

poorly, GW: “I can’t face the British and win.”

79
Q

Christmas day:

A

Cross Delaware, take British by surprise, first victory

80
Q

However, …

A

advantage is still with the British

81
Q

TURNING POINT

A

France enters war on the American side

82
Q

Yorktown, Virginia (1781)

A

George Washington corners the largest British force, and France cuts off the retreat on the coast, Cornwall surrenders, plays “The World Turned Upside Down”

83
Q

First government

A

weak central gov’t, strong state gov’t, make 2nd gov’t based on constitution

84
Q

4 Constitutional Principals

A
  1. Rough sharing of power between central and state
  2. Separation of powers
  3. Checks and balances
  4. Civil liberties: individual rights, guaranteed freedoms
85
Q

Industrial revolution-

Isaac Newton captured the spirit of the scientific revolution:

A

“Plato is my friend. Aristotle is my friend. But my best friend is truth.”

86
Q

Can surpass the accomplishments of all the previous generation, because..

A

truth exists and we will discover and master it ((reason + natural law = progress))

87
Q

Immanuel Cant also sums up the spirit:

A

“Our age is the age of Reason, and to reason, everything must bow.”

88
Q

Enlightenment thinkers saw the world as…

A

a machine governed by natural laws (knowable, organized, formulas)

89
Q

Charles Townshend

A

discovered turnips and clovers return minerals to the soil

90
Q

That insight in addition to rotating crops…

A

improved methods for draining the land, widespread use of wage laborers, and improved animal husbandry produced a far greater life for Europeans in the 1700s and 1800s

91
Q

Jethrow Tull invents

A

sea drill: another significant invention toward more crop yield

92
Q

James Watts invents

A

steam engine: does more than ANY OTHER invention in this time period to develop it toward modernity

93
Q

45

A

C

94
Q

Consequences of Industrial Revolution:

Positives:

A

increased life span, improved medicines, wide spread and superior education for many children, philosophical idea of the quality of people

95
Q

Negatives:

A

wide spread abuse of women and children’s rights in factories, explosion of black magic and witchcraft, Luddites were most opposed to technology and factories

96
Q

Neutral:

A

choices in marriage partners were expanded beyond the village, increase in emphasis on rights over obligations, it became easier to remain single

97
Q

Modern Worldview:

A

…

98
Q

God?

A

Yes, but only as creator and giver of the rational laws of nature and of the mind

99
Q

Nature?

A

Governed by rigid natural law, no “higher” part of us, describable through the use of rational scientific analysis

100
Q

Human nature?

A

The body and the mind, while a physical nature is part of the human being it is our reason or thinking self which is unique to humans
We are individual rational beings, subject to irrational forces

101
Q

Knowledge?

A

Knowledge is possible if humans will trust the leading of their reason above all else

102
Q

Problem?

A

People have been misled by superstition(religion), irrationality, tradition, and authority, and an uncritical trust in sense experience. Too often what people believe to be truth is really mere opinion
Humans suffer from a lack of the use of reason and as a result some irrational parts of human nature are allowed to operate unchecked.

103
Q

Solution?

A

Follow the method of philosophy Descartes discovered, from it will flow certainty and truth
Use and trust your reason, work out your human destiny with reason and technology, humans are in the final analysis the measure of all things

Western Civ (1 decks)

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