Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Standing armies contributed to
A
an explosion of knowledge
2
Q
To discover truth, renaissance thinkers looked
A
at the world around them, not the Bible
3
Q
Machiavelli’s The Prince, key text in policy:
A
how to acquire and maintain power. Better to be feared than loved
4
Q
Science of the Renaissance is the root of
A
modern science
5
Q
Tradition of science from Greece and Rome…
A
endured through the Middle Ages into the Renaissance
6
Q
Primary characteristic of Renaissance was
A
fixed universe with knowable laws that is unchanging
7
Q
Alchemist
A
critical in the continuation in the scientific tradition
8
Q
In Middle Ages, science was…
A
closely interwoven with theology
9
Q
Copernicus dates
A
1473-1543
10
Q
Copernicus was most famous for
A
the revolution of the heavenly orbs: sun is the center of the universe
11
Q
Galileo dates
A
1564-1642
12
Q
Galileo
A
Gravity pulls objects downward
13
Q
Italian Renaissance
A
secular, individualism, reject tradition, embrace freedom
14
Q
Northern Renaissance
A
Christian, corporate life, discipline/order/duty are emphasized
15
Q
Europe goes global in order to
A
share the blessings of their advancement and progress with the world
16
Q
Famous European explorers:
A
Chris Columbus, Magellan, Ponstalion
17
Q
Protestant Reformation and Renaissance similarity:
A
focus on the individual
18
Q
Protestant Reformation and Renaissance difference:
A
individual’s focus is on one’s relationship with God
19
Q
Martin Luther “ “ God.
A
feared
20
Q
While living in a monastery, Luther discovered in Romans…
A
we are saved by grace, not works.
21
Q
Catholic church does not approve because:
A
- Priesthood of all believers
2. Their power was greatly decreased. No longer needed the middle man
22
Q
Luther called before the Diet of Worms, they order him to recant, he says-
A
“Here I stand. I can do no other.”
23
Q
Who loved Martin Luther?
A
King Henry VIII
24
Q
He loved him because:
A
Church wouldn’t let him get divorced, if church was wrong about grace they could be wrong about divorce, sets up Church of England and points himself head
25
Reformation spreads...
rapidly throughout the western/central Europe
26
Primary beliefs written down in...
the Augsburg's confession- written by Phillip Melanchton
27
Because of this,
seeds of warfare are sown
28
Counter reformation:
| Catholic leaders meet at Council of Trent to
establish official beliefs of the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant reformation
29
Main themes:
1. Faith is based on scripture AND traditions
2. Good works ARE important to salvation
3. Transubstantiation is THE explanation for the Eucharist (Wine and bread become Jesus' body)
30
Agree to a cease fire, sign the...
Augsburg Compromise 1555- doesn't last
31
Cujus regio, cujus religio
Religion of the ruling prince was the religion of the people
32
30 Years War dates
1618-1648
33
Ferdinand declares...
Catholicism over Protestantism
34
Protestants get angry and go after 2 catholic officials because
Ferdinand runs away
35
Crazed Protestants corner officials and...
throw them out the window, therefore sparking the 30 Years War
36
Most of the fighting occurs in...
Germany
37
__% of the German population die
40
38
War spills out and includes
most of Europe
39
Most famous warrior
Albert Wallenstein: both strategist and warrior
40
Who wins?
NO ONE
41
They sign...
The Peace of Westphalia
42
Most significant point:
countries will now respect religious freedoms
43
Inaugurate the ______-______ ________ characterized by elected governments existing under the law, committed to protecting ________ _______ and _______.
nation-state system, religious freedoms and liberties
44
American Revolution
...
45
Prelude to the war:
7 Years War (French and Indian War) (1754-1761)
46
________ vs _________
French and Indian vs British colonists
47
Flashpoint:
Ohio River Valley(timber)- both claimed they owned it
48
Who physically occupied the territory first?
French
49
British send message:
Surrender or else, war begins
50
French/Indian have upper hand because of...
flawed British military tactics
51
Turning point:
British change uniforms, break formation, hide behind trees, strike out at French
52
British defeat the French because of...
shift in military tactics and France's failure to support the French side
53
Treat of Paris
(1763) France rescinds all of its claims to territory except for Louisiana
54
Consequences:
| British expect...
to be paid
55
Taxes:
Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Quartering Act
56
American leader argue against tax laws because of
lack of representation
57
Americans throw snowballs at British soldiers, one panics and yells FIRE and...
British soldiers fire into crowd, 5 killed, dozens wounded --- Boston Massacre
58
Anger is focused upon...
English tea when colonists refuse to unload cargos of English tea
59
Boston Tea Party
December 16, 1773
| 60 men, 342 chests of tea
60
GB throws down the hammer:
Intolerable Acts- Boston Harbor will stay closed until Boston pays for all the tea
61
In response...
leaders from every colony gather at the first continental congress in Philadelphia in 1774
62
Significance:
first time American colonies acted together
63
Pinnacle moment:
Patrick Henry says, "Give me liberty or give me death."
64
Events leading up to the war:
| Declaratory Acts
Britain may do anything legally to her own colonists
65
Lexington/Concord:
| Weapons stored in
Concord, so British soldiers left Boston at night to get them (April 18, 1775)
66
Paul Revere declare
British are coming
67
Minutemen gather in...
Lexington to stop the British
68
Next morning, British commander warns...
"Lay down your weapons, rebels, or you'll all die."
69
Results:
8 minutemen die, rest scatter, British retreat to Boston, war begins
70
Bunker Hill
First major battle (June 17, 1775)
71
British attack American soldiers camped on Bunker Hill...
After 3 British charges, Britain gain control of the hill -- not worth winning
72
Thomas Paine wrote
Common Sense-- incredibly influential in turning American tide toward revolution, intensity increases
73
Fighting going on...
before the declaration is signed
74
Throughout above process, the goal morphs...
from representation to independence
75
Second Continental Congress:
(1776)
1. Appoint George Washington commander of colonial army
2. Meets shortly after RI declares independence
3. TJ appointed to write Dec. of Ind.
76
3 Parts of D of I
1. If a king violates our rights, we can revolt
2. Long list of grievances against King George
3. The actual declaration
77
British response to D of I
send more troops
78
First half of the goes _____ for the Americans
poorly, GW: "I can't face the British and win."
79
Christmas day:
Cross Delaware, take British by surprise, first victory
80
However, ...
advantage is still with the British
81
TURNING POINT
France enters war on the American side
82
Yorktown, Virginia (1781)
George Washington corners the largest British force, and France cuts off the retreat on the coast, Cornwall surrenders, plays "The World Turned Upside Down"
83
First government
weak central gov't, strong state gov't, make 2nd gov't based on constitution
84
4 Constitutional Principals
1. Rough sharing of power between central and state
2. Separation of powers
3. Checks and balances
4. Civil liberties: individual rights, guaranteed freedoms
85
Industrial revolution-
| Isaac Newton captured the spirit of the scientific revolution:
"Plato is my friend. Aristotle is my friend. But my best friend is truth."
86
Can surpass the accomplishments of all the previous generation, because..
truth exists and we will discover and master it ((reason + natural law = progress))
87
Immanuel Cant also sums up the spirit:
"Our age is the age of Reason, and to reason, everything must bow."
88
Enlightenment thinkers saw the world as...
a machine governed by natural laws (knowable, organized, formulas)
89
Charles Townshend
discovered turnips and clovers return minerals to the soil
90
That insight in addition to rotating crops...
improved methods for draining the land, widespread use of wage laborers, and improved animal husbandry produced a far greater life for Europeans in the 1700s and 1800s
91
Jethrow Tull invents
sea drill: another significant invention toward more crop yield
92
James Watts invents
steam engine: does more than ANY OTHER invention in this time period to develop it toward modernity
93
45
C
94
Consequences of Industrial Revolution:
| Positives:
increased life span, improved medicines, wide spread and superior education for many children, philosophical idea of the quality of people
95
Negatives:
wide spread abuse of women and children's rights in factories, explosion of black magic and witchcraft, Luddites were most opposed to technology and factories
96
Neutral:
choices in marriage partners were expanded beyond the village, increase in emphasis on rights over obligations, it became easier to remain single
97
Modern Worldview:
...
98
God?
Yes, but only as creator and giver of the rational laws of nature and of the mind
99
Nature?
Governed by rigid natural law, no "higher" part of us, describable through the use of rational scientific analysis
100
Human nature?
The body and the mind, while a physical nature is part of the human being it is our reason or thinking self which is unique to humans
We are individual rational beings, subject to irrational forces
101
Knowledge?
Knowledge is possible if humans will trust the leading of their reason above all else
102
Problem?
People have been misled by superstition(religion), irrationality, tradition, and authority, and an uncritical trust in sense experience. Too often what people believe to be truth is really mere opinion
Humans suffer from a lack of the use of reason and as a result some irrational parts of human nature are allowed to operate unchecked.
103
Solution?
Follow the method of philosophy Descartes discovered, from it will flow certainty and truth
Use and trust your reason, work out your human destiny with reason and technology, humans are in the final analysis the measure of all things
