Unit 3 Flashcards
What is permissive parenting?
Parents who indulge their children’s wants to avoid their unhappiness.
What characterizes neglectful parenting?
Parents who are indifferent to their child’s needs, providing only basic necessities.
Define authoritative parenting.
Parents who set rules and expectations, communicate their purpose, and provide support.
What is authoritarian parenting?
Strict parenting that imposes rules without explanation or negotiation.
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards, while intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction.
List some negative impacts of divorce on children.
- Economic pressures
- Less time and attention from parents
- Decline in standard of living
- Dependence on welfare
- Changes in living situation and schools
- Psychological pressures
How does shared custody impact children?
It allows children to maintain contact with both parents without waiting for special occasions.
What are potential negative effects of hostile behaviors between divorced parents on children?
Increased anxiety and potential loss of contact with one parent.
What factors influence the relationships between step-parents and step-children?
Acceptance is influenced by the step-parent’s parenting style and the child’s relationship with their biological parent.
What is symbolic thought in the context of child development?
The first marker indicating a child has entered the preoperational stage of cognition.
What does conservation mean in Piaget’s theory?
The understanding that volume or mass remains constant despite changes in shape.
What is telegraphic speech?
Simplified speech used by young children, such as ‘car go’ or ‘want ball’.
Define reversibility in child development.
The ability to mentally reverse an action, like imagining liquid being poured back into its original container.
What do behaviorists emphasize in development?
The influence of punishment and reinforcement.
How do boys and girls differ in communication styles?
- Boys are more likely to change the subject
- Girls make indirect requests and maintain more eye contact.
What are the characteristics of authoritative parenting?
Sets standards for behavior with instruction and discussion.
What typically happens to authoritarian parents as their children grow older?
They often become more permissive or authoritative.
What is a common trait of only children?
Higher self-esteem.
What is prosocial behavior?
Behavior that involves helping others or donating resources.
What distinguishes altruistic behavior from prosocial behavior?
Altruistic behavior is prosocial behavior without expectation of reward.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Learning behaviors by observing others being rewarded.
What percentage of school-age children are considered obese?
About 18 percent.
How do mothers typically socialize boys regarding emotions?
To see emotions as problems to be solved.
Differentiate between acute and chronic illnesses.
- Acute illnesses are immediate
- Chronic illnesses are long-lasting.
What is the treatment difference between bacterial infections and virus-based sicknesses?
Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics; virus-based sicknesses cannot.
How do males and females typically express their illness severity?
- Females exaggerate severity
- Males hide severity.
What do achievement tests measure?
Current knowledge.
What do aptitude tests measure?
The ability to acquire new knowledge.
What criticism is often directed at education for gifted children?
It is often criticized for not being rigorous enough.
What is a common behavior of boys who are rejected by peers?
They are more likely to be physically aggressive.
What is a common behavior of rejected or unpopular girls?
They are more likely to say false things to damage relationships.
What percentage of first marriages end in divorce within the first 10 years?
30 percent.
What is a common outcome for children of divorced couples who maintain a good relationship post-divorce?
They tend to have the best outcomes.
What do kinesthetic skills involve?
Physical skills, such as balance or coordination.
What are common childhood learning disorders?
- Dyslexia
- ADHD.
What effect does punishment have on children regarding rule obedience?
They often become more concerned with pleasing parents than following rules.
Define intrinsic motivation.
Motivation driven by internal satisfaction.
Define extrinsic motivation.
Motivation driven by external rewards.
