unit 3 Flashcards
How have pelagic environment organisms adapted to avoid being prey?
Schooling, symbiosis
What is a “school”?
A large number of fish, squid, or shrimp that form well-defined social groupings
List 2 advantages of schooling
-Can be scary/intimidating
-Helps them migrate longer distances
Describe the 3 types of symbiotic relationships and give one example of each
Commensalism- one benefits and the other is unaffected- (Remora and Shark)
Mutualism- both are benefited (Clownfish and anenome)
Parasitism- one benefits and one is harmed (isopod and fish)
How have pelagic environment organisms adapted to seeking and catching prey?
Mobility, swimming speed, unique circulatory system, and adaptation
Distinguish between lungers and cruisers and give one example of each
Lungers- sit and wait for prey (grouper)
Cruisers- always actively seeking prey/on the move (tuna)
Describe the types of muscle tissue (red or white) that is found in each from #5.
Red- cruisers, Designed for continuous, long-distance swimming at moderate speeds.
White- groupers, Designed for short bursts of speed, used during ambush predation or escaping predators.
Define poikilothermic and homeothermic.
Poikilo- body temp same as environment
Homeo- internal way to regulate body temperature
Deep-water nekton’s food sources are either ___ or ___
Detritus or each other
What is bioluminescence? Name 2 ways it is useful.
Organisms can biologically produce light (95 percent of deep-sea organisms can)
-seeking a mate
-attracting prey
Marine organisms that are not small and do not float have to stay above the ocean floor. Name 2 organs that help them achieve this.
Swim bladders and buoyancy
Typically, slow-moving fish have swim bladders and very active swimmers usually do not have swim bladders. True or false?
True
Name 5 characteristics of mammals
Warm-blooded, breathe air, have hair or fur, bear live young, nurse young
What are the 4 main types of marine mammals?
Pinnipeds- carnivorous aquatics, webbed flippers, whiskers, large eyes, torpedo-shaped (seals, sea lions, walrus)
Fissipeds- large animals, not necessarily in water all the time, need water for survival (polar bears and sea otters)
Cetaceans- cigar shaped w/ thick layer of blubber, few hairs, blowhles, fluke (dolphins, porpoises, and whales)
Sirenians- aquatic herbivores, with horizontally flattened tails, thick skin, streamline to swim well (dugongs and manatees)
Distinguish between pinnipeds and fissipeds
Pinnipeds live in the ocean and need it for survival, but fissipeds aren’t necessarily in water all the time
What is unique about a sea otter? Polar bears? Walruses?
Sea otters don’t have thick blubber, polar bears have webbed paws
What are 3 differences between seals and sea lions?
Seals don’t have ear flaps, have short front/hind flippers, and have trouble moving on land
Sea lions have ear flaps, longer flippers, and can easily walk on land
What are 2 differences between manatees and dugongs?
-Manatees are found in tropical atlantic, dugongs more in indian ocean
-Manatees are typically larger
Describe 5 physical characteristics of cetaceans (whales)
Body cigar-shaped, insulated with blubber, horizontal tail called fluke, have to come up for air, elongated skull
Describe the whale’s diving ability compared to that of a human’s in terms of oxygen usage, muscular adaptations and nitrogen narcosis
More capillaries that surround their alveoli, muscle tissue immune to carbon dioxide buildup, immune to nitrogen narcosis
What are the 2 types of whales and give 3 examples of each
Baleen: blue whale, gray whale, humpback whale
Toothed: porpoises, dolphins sperm whales
Name 5 differences between the two types of whales
Baleen: have baleen plates, more solitary, larger, two blowholes, do not use echolocation
Toothed: have teeth, more social, smaller, one blowhole, use echolocation
