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Bio II Unit 3 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brain stem
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2
Q

Which part of the brain contains the cerebrum?

A

Cerebrum

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3
Q

Which part of the brain contains the reward pathway?

A

Limbic system

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4
Q

Which part of the brain is largely responsible for involuntary, autonomic responses?

A

Brain stem

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5
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Higher brain functions such as thought and action

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6
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

At the back of the brain

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7
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

On the sides of the brain

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8
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located?

A

At the front of the brain

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9
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located?

A

Above the temporal lobe

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination and balance

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11
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Regulates basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate

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12
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay station for sensory and motor signals

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13
Q

Why does white matter appear white?

A

Due to myelinated axons

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14
Q

What is the reward pathway in the brain?

A

A group of structures responsible for reinforcing behaviors

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15
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in the reward pathway?

A
  1. Nucleus accumbens
  2. Ventral tegmental area
  3. Prefrontal cortex
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16
Q

What hormones are associated with the reward pathway?

A

Dopamine and serotonin

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17
Q

What is the physiological response of the reward pathway?

A

Pleasure and reinforcement of behaviors

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18
Q

Why have we evolved to have the reward pathway?

A

To promote survival and reproduction

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19
Q

What does neuronal plasticity mean?

A

The ability of neurons to change in form and function

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20
Q

What parts of the brain are part of the limbic system?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Thalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
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21
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Supportive cells in the nervous system

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22
Q

What is the BBB?

A

Blood-brain barrier

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23
Q

Compare and contrast the CNS and PNS.

A

CNS: Brain and spinal cord; PNS: Nerves outside the CNS

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24
Q

Nerves of the somatic system control what type of effector organs?

A

Skeletal muscles

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25
Q

Nerves of the autonomic system control what types of effector organs?

A

Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

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26
Q

What are the 4 steps of sensory perception?

A
  1. Stimuli
  2. Reception
  3. Transduction
  4. Processing
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27
Q

Give an example of sensory adaptation.

A

Not noticing a persistent odor over time

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28
Q

What are the 3 sensory receptors we explored?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors
  2. Mechanoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
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29
Q

Fill in the blank: For chemoreception / taste, the steps are: Stimuli, Reception, Transduction, Transmission, Processing.

A

________

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30
Q

How are we able to taste different things?

A

Different combinations of taste receptors activated

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31
Q

Where is our hearing organ found specifically?

A

In the cochlea of the inner ear

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32
Q

What are hair cells, and how are they involved in sound transduction?

A

Sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals

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33
Q

How is light from our environment focused on the retina?

A

By the lens and cornea

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34
Q

How does a lens change shape to focus on a distant object?

A

The lens flattens

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35
Q

What photoreceptors enable night vision?

A

Rods

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36
Q

What photoreceptors enable color vision?

A

Cones

37
Q

What does it mean that our eye is wired backwards?

A

Photoreceptors are located behind the other retinal cells

38
Q

How is smell perception different from the other senses we discussed?

A

Directly processed in the olfactory bulb without thalamic relay

39
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Part of the PNS that controls voluntary movements

40
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Part of the PNS that controls involuntary functions

41
Q

What is a muscle fiber?

A

A single muscle cell

42
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The basic contractile unit of muscle tissue

43
Q

Explain a neuromuscular junction.

A

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

44
Q

What is the role of Acetylcholine (ACh) on muscle contractions?

A

Triggers muscle contraction by binding to receptors

45
Q

What role do t-tubules play in electrical signaling within the muscle fiber?

A

Transmit action potentials deep into the muscle

46
Q

What happens when the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is depolarized?

A

Releases calcium ions into the cytoplasm

47
Q

From where in the muscle fiber is Ca²⁺ released?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

Where does Ca²⁺ bind?

A

To troponin on the thin filament

49
Q

Explain the sliding filament model.

A

Describes how actin and myosin filaments slide past each other during contraction

50
Q

How does troponin influence tropomyosin and cross-bridge cycling?

A

Ca²⁺ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin to move, exposing binding sites

51
Q

Does actin pull on myosin, or does myosin pull on actin?

A

Myosin pulls on actin

52
Q

What does the cross-bridge refer to?

A

The connection between myosin heads and actin filaments

53
Q

When is ATP used in skeletal muscle contraction?

A

During the power stroke and to detach myosin from actin

54
Q

What is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers released into the bloodstream, while neurotransmitters are chemicals released at synapses to transmit signals between neurons.

55
Q

What is the difference between hormonal signaling and electrical signaling?

A

Hormonal signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream, affecting distant target cells, whereas electrical signaling involves the transmission of signals along neurons.

56
Q

Where are neurosecretory cells found?

A

Neurosecretory cells are found in the hypothalamus.

57
Q

Where do polar hormones bind—in the cell or outside the cell?

A

Polar hormones bind outside the cell.

58
Q

Where do nonpolar hormones bind—in the cell or outside the cell?

A

Nonpolar hormones bind inside the cell.

59
Q

What are endocrine disruptors? How do they affect amphibians?

A

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with hormonal systems, potentially causing developmental and reproductive issues in amphibians.

60
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

A

The anterior pituitary produces its own hormones, while the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

61
Q

Where are releasing hormones synthesized?

A

Releasing hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus.

62
Q

Which hormone controls milk production?

A

Prolactin controls milk production.

63
Q

What is Graves’ Disease?

A

Graves’ Disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland.

64
Q

What is the role of iodine in thyroid functioning?

A

Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

65
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)? What is the resulting phenotype of a person with this condition?

A

AIS is a condition where individuals with XY chromosomes develop female physical traits due to a lack of response to androgens.

66
Q

Explain the neuronal and hormonal aspects of our stress response.

A

The stress response involves neuronal activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hormonal release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

67
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine.

68
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids, including cortisol.

69
Q

What are antagonistic hormones, and how do they regulate our blood sugar?

A

Antagonistic hormones, like insulin and glucagon, work against each other to maintain blood sugar levels.

70
Q

What goes wrong in diabetes?

A

In diabetes, insulin production or response is impaired, leading to high blood sugar levels.

71
Q

What is the function/role of dendrites, axon, myelination?

A

Dendrites receive signals, the axon transmits signals, and myelination increases the speed of signal transmission.

72
Q

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

A

The resting potential of a neuron is typically around -70 mV.

73
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for K+? What is the equilibrium potential for Na+?

A

The equilibrium potential for K+ is approximately -90 mV, while for Na+ it is approximately +60 mV.

74
Q

What 3 things influence the resting potential of a neuron?

A

The resting potential is influenced by ion concentrations, permeability of the membrane, and the activity of ion pumps.

75
Q

What is an action potential?

A

An action potential is a rapid, temporary change in the membrane potential of a neuron.

76
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size and can lead to an action potential if they reach the threshold.

77
Q

What is the threshold potential?

A

The threshold potential is the membrane potential that must be reached to trigger an action potential.

78
Q

Describe the effects of depolarizing & hyperpolarizing on membrane potential.

A

Depolarizing makes the membrane potential less negative, while hyperpolarizing makes it more negative.

79
Q

What 2 voltage-gated ion channels are implicated in an action potential?

A

The two voltage-gated ion channels are sodium (Na+) channels and potassium (K+) channels.

80
Q

When do they open?

A

Sodium channels open during depolarization, while potassium channels open during repolarization.

81
Q

When do they close?

A

Sodium channels close shortly after opening, while potassium channels close at the end of repolarization.

82
Q

What does it mean that an action potential is all-or-none?

A

It means that once the threshold is reached, an action potential occurs fully or not at all.

83
Q

What happens at axon terminals?

A

At axon terminals, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

84
Q

How does a pre-synaptic neuron influence a post-synaptic cell?

A

A pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the post-synaptic cell, influencing its activity.

85
Q

What are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A

Examples of neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.

86
Q

What are ligand-gated ion channels?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels are proteins that open in response to the binding of a specific ligand.

87
Q

What is the ligand?

A

The ligand is a molecule that binds to a receptor to initiate a response.

88
Q

What happens when the ligand is present?

A

When the ligand is present, the ligand-gated ion channels open, allowing ions to flow across the membrane.

Bio II Unit 3 (1 decks)

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