Unit 3 Flashcards
Describe the structure and function of enzymes
Bind substrate at key locations in their structure called active sites
Define and identify the active site of an enzyme and describe how it interacts with substrates
A grove or crevice on an enzyme is where the substrate binds to facilitate the catalyzed chemical reaction
Explain how enzymes effect activation energy to become biological catalysts
They reduce the activation energy, thereby increasing the rate of reaction
Explain how changes to the structure of an enzyme may affect its function
The shape is critical for the substrates to be able to bind to the enzyme. If the structure changes it may become denatured causing the function to not be able to happen at all.
Explain how competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors can change the activity of an enzyme
Competitive inhibitors can bind to the active site competing with the substrates. While the noncompetitive bind to the enzyme but not at the active site creating no competition.
Explain how temp and pH can change the activity of an enzyme
Raising temp can speed up the reaction and lowering it lowers reaction, but if it goes out of optimal temp it can become denatured which could lead the reaction to completely stop. pH outside of range will slow enzyme activity and extreme pH will cause denature.
Describe the role of energy in living organisms
Energy comes from sunlight or food and it is used to carry out cellular processes. They need it to grow and reproduce, maintain structure
Describe the photosynthetic processes that allow organisms to capture and store energy
The process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy.
Light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Describe the function of chlorophyll, photosystem l + ll, and the electron transport chain
Chlorophyll-absorbs light
Photosystem l-transport electrons from one face of the membrane to the other
Photosystem ll-captures protons and uses the energy to extract electrons from water molecules
Electron transport-create gradient that leads to creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
Describe how the formation of a proton gradient aides in ATP synthesis
Protons flow down their gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, making it spin and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP
Describe the relationship between the products of the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle
Light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of Calvin Cycle and the cycle provides water and electrons to light reactions
Explain the processes and outcomes of glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain in cellular respiration
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and the Kreb produces 2 more
Describe the function of NADH and FADH2
NADH-generating energy
FADH2- electron carrier that transfers electron from glycolysis and krebs cycle of respiration to ETS of respiration
Describe the flow of molecules in the electron transport chain and how it makes ATP
The electrons pass through systems and release energy this energy is used to form a gradient and the energy is stored to make ATP
Explain what occurs when there is not enough oxygen to sustain the ETC
The ETC will stop running because oxygen in the final electron acceptor and oxidative phosphorylation won’t be able to happen.
