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BIOL 1A > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

G1 Phase (Interphase)

A

Cell accumulating building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the associated proteins as well as accumulating sufficient energy reserves to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus

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2
Q

S Phase (Interphase)

A

DNA is replicated into identical paris of DNA (sister chromatids), that attach to centromeric region, centrosome duplicated in S phase

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3
Q

G2 Phase (Interphase)

A

cell replenished energy stores, and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation. Cell organelles duplicated, cytoskeleton dismantled

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4
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense and become visible, spindle fibers emerge, nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleolus disappears

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5
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • kinetochores appear at the centromeres
  • mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
  • centrosomes move toward opposite poles
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6
Q

Metaphase

A
  • mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell
  • chromosomes lined up
  • each sister chromatid attached to spindle fiber originating from opposite poles
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7
Q

Anaphase

A
  • cohesion proteins binding sister chromatids together break down, sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles, spindle fibers lengthen longing the cell
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8
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense, nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes, mitotic spindle breaks down
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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

animal cells - cleavage furrow
plant cells - cell plate

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10
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

regulated internally and externally
most important
check DNA damage, cell size, adequate reserves, etc

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11
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

regulated internally
cell size and reserves re-checked, and new DNA from s phase

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12
Q

G0 Phase

A

non-dividing state

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13
Q

M checkpoint

A

Regulated internally
when kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubles send a molecular singal delaying anaphase, prevents division with unequal chromosomes

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14
Q

Cyclins respondible for progress of cell through variuous checkpoints

A

D - all across
E - G1 - S
A - G1 - Mitosis
B - S - Mitosis (later)

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15
Q

negative regulators

A

halt the cell cycle
- retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53 and p21

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16
Q

Proto-Oncogens

A

promote cell growth

17
Q

Tumor Suppresor Genes

A

inhibit cell growth

18
Q

sister chromatids

A

each duplicated chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids

19
Q

Synapsis and Crossing Over

A

prophase 1 of meiosis, homologous chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic information

20
Q

paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads)

A

metaphase plate

21
Q

homologous chromosomes separate instead of sister chromatids

A

anaphase 1

22
Q

Law of Segregation

A

alleles segregate during Meisos

23
Q

law of independent assortment

A

allele pairs of different genes segregate independently

24
Q

linked genes

A

genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together

25
Q

Aneuploid

A

having too few or too many chromosomes

26
Q

Trisomy

A

individual has three copies of one of their chromosomes

27
Q

Monosomy

A

individuals have only one copy of one of their chromosomes

28
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Trisomy of chromosome 21

29
Q

Edwards Syndroms

A

trisomy of chromosome 18

30
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

X0, only known viable monosomy

31
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY

32
Q

Polyploidy

A

individual with more then the correct number of chromosome sets

33
Q

Structural Rearrangments

A

Deletion - segment removed
Duplication - segment duplicates
Inversion - reverses segment within a chromosome
Translocation - moves segment from one chromosome to another

BIOL 1A (3 decks)

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