Unit 3

Question 1

Romantic Imagination & National Feeling

Answer 1

• Culture played a crucial role in shaping the idea of the nation.
• Art, poetry, stories, and music influenced nationalist sentiments.
• Romantic artists criticized reason and science while promoting
  emotions, intuition, and mystical feelings.
• They popularized the essence of the nation.
• Local folklore was collected and used to spread nationalism, even
  among those who couldn’t read.
• Language was used as a means to resist foreign dominance.

Question 2

Hunger, Hardship and Revolts

Answer 2

• Population increased significantly across Europe.
• Job opportunities decreased due to the increase in population.
• Cities became overcrowded as people migrated to urban areas for work.
• There was stiff competition between handmade goods and cheaper machine-made goods.
• Food prices rose, and there were food shortages.
  Peasants and weavers revolted against the challenging economic and social conditions.

Question 3

The Revolution of Liberals 1848

Answer 3

• The year 1848 saw revolts by the poor and the middle classes in various European countries.
• In regions where there were no independent nation-states, such as
  Germany, Italy, and Poland, the middle classes demanded
  constitutionalism and national unification.
• The middle classes utilized the increasing popular unrest throughout
  Europe to advocate for the formation of a nation-state based on
  parliamentary principles.

Question 4

Making of Germany

Answer 4

• German middle class aimed to unify the
  different regions into a nation state.
• Monarchy, military and large
  landowners repressed the movement.
• Prussia took initiative in German
  unification.
• Architect of unification, Otto von
  Bismarck, used the Prussian army and
  bureaucracy.
• Prussian victory in three wars over seven
  years, including with Austria, Denmark
  and France, completed the German
  unification process

Question 5

ITALY

Answer 5

• In the mid-19th century, Italy was divided into seven states ruled by
  different powers. The Italian princely house ruled only SardiniaPiedmont, the north was under the Austrian-Habsburg Empire, the Pope
  ruled the center, while the Bourbon kings of France dominated the
  southern regions.
• Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy with a
  program for a unitary Italian republic.
• King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, with the help of Count
  Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, led the movement to unify Italy’s regions.
• In 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austria, and in 1860, armed
  volunteers led by Garibaldi liberated southern Italy and the kingdom of
  Two Sicilies.
• Italy was finally unified in 1871, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king, after
  Rome was vacated by France and became a part of Sardinia

Question 6

GIUSEPPE MAZZINI

Answer 6

• He was a member of the secret society
  of Carbonari.
• In 1831, he was exiled for attempting a
  revolution in Liguria.
• He founded two more underground societies -
  Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in
  Berne.
• He believed that nations were intended by God to
  be the natural units of mankind and that Italy
  should be a unified republic.
• He was described by Metternich as “the most
  dangerous enemy of social order.”

Question 7

REVOLUTION IN GREECE

Answer 7

• Greece, which had been a part of the Ottoman
  Empire since the 15th century, fought for
  independence.
• Nationalists in Greece received support from
  Western European artists, poets, and Greeks living
  outside Greece.
• Finally, in 1832, the Treaty of Constantinople
  recognized Greece as an independent nation.

Question 8

UNIFICATION OF BRITAIN

Answer 8

• The people of British Isles had ethnic identities
  such as English, Welsh, Scot, and Irish.
• The English nation became more powerful and
  extended its influence over other nations.
• The Act of Union in 1707 between England and
  Scotland led to the formation of the United
  Kingdom of Great Britain, allowing England to
  impose its influence on Scotland.
• The Scottish Highlanders were banned from
  speaking their Gaelic language and wearing their
  national dress.
• A new ‘British nation’ was created by promoting a dominant English
  culture.

Question 9

Visualizing The Nation

Answer 9

During the 18th and 19th century, artists found a way to personify
nations as female figures, using them as allegories for the nation.
The chosen female form did not represent any particular woman in
real life, but instead became a symbol for the nation. In France, the
female allegory was named Marianne, while in Germany, it was
called Germania

Question 10

Nationalism and Imperialism

Answer 10

• The Balkans was a region characterized by geographical and
  ethnic diversity.
• The region was primarily inhabited by Slavs and was under the
  control of the Ottoman Empire.
• Nationalist ideas began to spread throughout the Balkans.
• One by one, different nationalities in the region declared their
  independence through struggles.
• The Balkans later became one of the causes of the First World
  War.