Unit 3 Flashcards
Environmental economy
The study of the cost-effective allocation, use, and protection of the world’s natural resources.
Reciprocity
- Generalized
- Balanced
- Negative
Refers to the non-market exchange of goods or labour.
Generalized reciprocity : those who exchange don’t expect an immediate return and don’t specify the value of the return.
Balanced reciprocity: those who exchange expect a return of equal value within a specified time limit.
Negative reciprocity: an exchange of goods and services in which at least one party attempts to get something for nothing without suffering any penalties.
Gift economy
Economic system based on gift-giving, in which goods or services get exchanged with no expectation of remuneration, reciprocity. Differs from a market economy in which individuals exchange goods and services for money, or a barter economy, in which goods and services get exchanged for items or services of equal value. Characteristics:
- aim to create a social bond between gift givers and receivers. This economic system builds strong social relationships between different communities, in which informal, reciprocal gift-giving ensures no one in any community will go without.
- Your altruism gets rewarded with good karma, honor, or a feeling of well-being instead of money or valuables.
- Keeping a gift for your own self-interest may be viewed as poor social behavior. No accumulation.
Ontology
Metaverse, multiverse. The study of what there is, how the things there are relate to each other. It encompasses problems about the most general features and relations of the entities which do or might exist.
Epistemology
The study of how we understand the world and what constitutes a valid explanation. In contrast, ontology is the study of what it means to say that something exists. Devoted to the nature of knowledge and how we acquire it.
Commodity fetichism
The way people often ascribe almost magical or mystical qualities to commodities, treating them as more valuable and significant than they really are. The idea that the object itself is more important rather than how it was produced, obscures the underlying social relationships of production.
Commodification of labor
Individuals’ ability to work is seen as a resource to be used for economic gain. When a worker sells the value of their labor to a factory owner in exchange for wages, the workers are sacrificing their lives (because product of work belonged to the capitalist, not the worker) = Alienation
Original affluent society
Ju’/hoansi or San People
Ways to produce affluence
The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs. Two ways to create affluence:
– To produce much
– To desire little
Economics’ self-interested model
Assumptions that individuals are first and foremost interested in their own wellbeing + scarcity: resources (including money) are not and never will be great enough to meet the needs of the people. Focus on individuals who must maximize their resources. Investigate the different priorities set by different societies and how these priorities affect the maximizing decisions of individuals
Economics’ Social model
Assumption that people ordinarily identify with groups to which they belong and that in many cases they cannot conceive of having selfish interests opposed to the interest of the group. Focus on institutions rather than individuals. Economic processes cannot be considered apart from the cultural institutions in which they are embedded.
Economics’ Moral model
Assumption that people are socialized into culturally specific values and practices over a lifetime. This forms the basis of each culture’s practical ethics and its distinction between moral and immoral. Individuals will experience distress and conflict if tempted to make decisions that are contrary to the internalized morality. Assume that people’s motivations are shaped by culturally specific belief systems and values.
Traditional ecological knowledge TEK
Refers to the evolving knowledge acquired by indigenous peoples over hundreds or thousands of years through direct contact with the environment. This knowledge is specific to a location and includes the relationships between plants, animals, natural phenomena, landscapes and timing of events. Orally transmitted, holistic = doesn’t separate technical from non-technical, spiritual.
Extractivism
Removal of large quantities of raw or natural materials, particularly for export with minimal processing. Economic model of development that transnational companies and states practice worldwide and that can be traced back more than 500 years all the way to the European colonial expansion. Model of accumulation of wealth part of the capitalistic system, tied up with exploitation of people.
ILO 169
The Right to prior consultation of Indigenous peoples. Convention 169 recognizes Indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination within a nation-state, while setting standards for national governments regarding Indigenous peoples’ economic, socio-cultural and political rights, including the right to a land base.
