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Honors Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three Main Classes of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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2
Q

Monomers of Polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Carbohydrates VS Proteins/Lipids

A

Carbohydrates have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins contain nitrogen
Lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic

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4
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver & Muscle Cells

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5
Q

What makes up the different disaccharides and polysaccharides?

A

Made up of multiple monosaccharide units

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6
Q

Elements in Carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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7
Q

What is the simplest type of carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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9
Q

How are disaccharides & polysaccharides made?

A

Through dehydration synthesis where H20 molecule is removed.

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10
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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11
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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12
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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13
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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14
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A

Strach
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

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15
Q

Simplest and largest classes of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

What are the functions of monosaccharides?

A

Energy Source
Structural Role
Cell Recognition

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17
Q

What are the two groups of polysaccharides?

A

Starch - Glycogen
Cellulose - Chitin

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18
Q

What is the function of starch and glycogen?

A

Storage molecules composed of glucose used for energy storage.

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19
Q

What is the function of cellulose & chitin and what type of carbohydrate are cellulose and chitin?

A

Structural Carbohydrates; Cellulose in plant cell walls
Chitin in mushrooms

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20
Q

What is fiber and can humans digest it?

A

Fiber is a type of carbohydrate found in plant foods that humans can’t digest completely due to lacking specific enzymes.

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21
Q

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

2:1 ratio

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22
Q

Structure of a fatty acid

A

Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group

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23
Q

Structure of a glycerol molecule

A

Three-Carbon chain with hydroxyl group

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24
Q

Structure of a phospholipid

A

Two hydrophobic tails, which are fatty acid chains, and one hydrophilic head, which is phosphate group.

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25
Q

Structure of a fat (triglyceride)

A

Glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acid chains

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26
Q

Structure of a steroid

A

4 fused carbon rings

27
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms and are saturated with hydrogen. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, creating kinks in the hydrocarbon chain.

28
Q

Characteristics of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated ~ solid at room temperature
Unsaturated - liquid at room temperature

29
Q

Functions of fats, phospholipids, and steroids?

A

Fats - long Term Energy Storage

Phospholipids - major component of cell membranes

Steroids - signaling

30
Q

Function and Structure of cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is a steroid and a component of cell membranes

31
Q

Good and bad aspects of cholesterol

A

Good - necessary for cell function
Bad - extra can lead to heart disease

32
Q

Main characteristics of all lipids

A

Hydrophobic Nature

33
Q

Energy storage compared to carbohydrates

A

Lipids store more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates.

34
Q

3 classes of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

35
Q

Lipids vs Carbohydrates

A

Lipids have a higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen and are generally nonpolar.

36
Q

Elements found in lipids

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

37
Q

Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in lipids

A

Varies but generally higher than carbohydrates.

38
Q

Monomer of a protein

A

Amino Acids

39
Q

Number of amino acids

A

20

40
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A

central carbon (alpha carbon)
amino group (left)
carboxyl group (right)
hydrogen atom (top)
R-Group (Bottom)

41
Q

Differentiation of amino acids

A

variation in the r-group distinguish different amino acids

42
Q

Amino acids link together to form:________________

A

polypeptides

43
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Covalent Bond formed between amino acids during dehydration synthesis

44
Q

What provides appearance and cell activities?

A

provided by proteins

45
Q

How is a specific function of each protein determined?

A

determined by its structure and sequence of amino acids

46
Q

What happens if you alter shape of protein?

A

can affect its function

47
Q

What is denaturation and what causes it?

A

Unfolding of a protein due to extreme pH, temperature changes, or chemical exposure.

48
Q

Four levels of protein structure:

A

Primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta sheet), tertiary, and quaternary structures. These are held together by hydrogen bonds

49
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

50
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

51
Q

How do enzymes act to speed up chemical reactions

A

Lowering activation energy

52
Q

How are enzymes affected by cold temperature, hot temperature, and pH changes?

A

Extreme conditions can denature enzymes.

53
Q

What is an active site?

A

A region of the enzyme where the substrate binds

54
Q

What is the substrate?

A

The molecule upon which the enzyme acts.

55
Q

Can enzymes be reused?

A

Enzymes can be reused.

56
Q

Are enzymes changed in chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes remain unchanged after a reaction.

57
Q

Are enzymes specific?

A

Each enzyme has a specific substrate it acts upon.

58
Q

How are enzymes named?

A

Typically named after the substrate the act on with the suffix “-ase”

59
Q

What does the lock and jey model try to explain?

A

Describe the specificity of enzymes for their substrates.

60
Q

Why is carbon considered the fundamental element of life?

A

Carbon forms the backbone of organic molecules due to its ability to form diverse structures and bonds.

61
Q

How and where do organisms obtain their carbon to make their organic molecules?

A

obtained from various organic compounds in the environment.

62
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

process of joining monomers by removing water molecules.

63
Q

What is a hyrdolysis?

A

process of breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water molecules.

Honors Biology (3 decks)

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