Unit 3 Flashcards
Three Main Classes of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monomers of Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates VS Proteins/Lipids
Carbohydrates have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins contain nitrogen
Lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver & Muscle Cells
What makes up the different disaccharides and polysaccharides?
Made up of multiple monosaccharide units
Elements in Carbohydrates
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
What is the simplest type of carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
How are disaccharides & polysaccharides made?
Through dehydration synthesis where H20 molecule is removed.
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
What is sucrose made of?
Glucose + Fructose
What is lactose made of?
Glucose + Galactose
What is maltose made of?
Glucose + Glucose
Examples of Polysaccharides
Strach
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
Simplest and largest classes of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
What are the functions of monosaccharides?
Energy Source
Structural Role
Cell Recognition
What are the two groups of polysaccharides?
Starch - Glycogen
Cellulose - Chitin
What is the function of starch and glycogen?
Storage molecules composed of glucose used for energy storage.
What is the function of cellulose & chitin and what type of carbohydrate are cellulose and chitin?
Structural Carbohydrates; Cellulose in plant cell walls
Chitin in mushrooms
What is fiber and can humans digest it?
Fiber is a type of carbohydrate found in plant foods that humans can’t digest completely due to lacking specific enzymes.
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
2:1 ratio
Structure of a fatty acid
Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group
Structure of a glycerol molecule
Three-Carbon chain with hydroxyl group
Structure of a phospholipid
Two hydrophobic tails, which are fatty acid chains, and one hydrophilic head, which is phosphate group.
Structure of a fat (triglyceride)
Glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acid chains
Structure of a steroid
4 fused carbon rings
Saturated Fatty Acids vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms and are saturated with hydrogen. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, creating kinks in the hydrocarbon chain.
Characteristics of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated ~ solid at room temperature
Unsaturated - liquid at room temperature
Functions of fats, phospholipids, and steroids?
Fats - long Term Energy Storage
Phospholipids - major component of cell membranes
Steroids - signaling
Function and Structure of cholesterol
Cholesterol is a steroid and a component of cell membranes
Good and bad aspects of cholesterol
Good - necessary for cell function
Bad - extra can lead to heart disease
Main characteristics of all lipids
Hydrophobic Nature
Energy storage compared to carbohydrates
Lipids store more energy per gram compared to carbohydrates.
3 classes of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Lipids vs Carbohydrates
Lipids have a higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen and are generally nonpolar.
Elements found in lipids
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in lipids
Varies but generally higher than carbohydrates.
Monomer of a protein
Amino Acids
Number of amino acids
20
Structure of an amino acid
central carbon (alpha carbon)
amino group (left)
carboxyl group (right)
hydrogen atom (top)
R-Group (Bottom)
Differentiation of amino acids
variation in the r-group distinguish different amino acids
Amino acids link together to form:________________
polypeptides
Peptide Bond
Covalent Bond formed between amino acids during dehydration synthesis
What provides appearance and cell activities?
provided by proteins
How is a specific function of each protein determined?
determined by its structure and sequence of amino acids
What happens if you alter shape of protein?
can affect its function
What is denaturation and what causes it?
Unfolding of a protein due to extreme pH, temperature changes, or chemical exposure.
Four levels of protein structure:
Primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta sheet), tertiary, and quaternary structures. These are held together by hydrogen bonds
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts
What is activation energy?
Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
How do enzymes act to speed up chemical reactions
Lowering activation energy
How are enzymes affected by cold temperature, hot temperature, and pH changes?
Extreme conditions can denature enzymes.
What is an active site?
A region of the enzyme where the substrate binds
What is the substrate?
The molecule upon which the enzyme acts.
Can enzymes be reused?
Enzymes can be reused.
Are enzymes changed in chemical reactions?
Enzymes remain unchanged after a reaction.
Are enzymes specific?
Each enzyme has a specific substrate it acts upon.
How are enzymes named?
Typically named after the substrate the act on with the suffix “-ase”
What does the lock and jey model try to explain?
Describe the specificity of enzymes for their substrates.
Why is carbon considered the fundamental element of life?
Carbon forms the backbone of organic molecules due to its ability to form diverse structures and bonds.
How and where do organisms obtain their carbon to make their organic molecules?
obtained from various organic compounds in the environment.
What is dehydration synthesis?
process of joining monomers by removing water molecules.
What is a hyrdolysis?
process of breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water molecules.
