Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Internal Medicine > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

A

-prazole
Gastric ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Histamine H2 receptor blockers

A

-idine

Gastric ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Oral antidiabetics

A

-amide

Antidiabetic type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

-dronate
Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

center of the endocrine system, negative feedback, controls pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adipose tissue

A

endocrine gland, secretes hormones for metabolism. Adinoectin and leptin. White vs Brown fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phychoimmunology

A

endocrine, NS, and immune system interact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

is aroused during stress and causes the adrenal medulla to release catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Catecholamines

A

compounds that control stress response, fight or flight. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cortisol

A

Glucocorticoid hormone from adrenal cortex, lipid and carb metabolism, stress response

Decrease: Wound healing, inflammation, bone formation

Increase: urine, GI secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Endorphins

A

Endogenous, modulate pain transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Growth Hormone (Somatotrophin)

A

Stimulates skeletal and visceral growth, increases after stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prolactin

A

Growth of breasts and milk, sexual satisfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Testosterone

A

regulate male sex characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neuroendocrine Theory of Aging

A

Cells are programed to die or lose function (menopause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aging Pituitary

A

Decrease in weight and blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aging Thyroid

A

Decrease in size, becomes fibrotic, decreases hormone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aging parathyroid

A

no changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aging Adrenal Glands

A

Increase fibrotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Common with acromegaly, diabetes, pregnancy, hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Only stores and releases hormones; Oxytocin and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates contractions, breast milk, and sleep rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ADH

A

Vasopressin; reabsorbtion of water at kidneys and ACTH Release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Makes and stores hormones; Somatotropin, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, ACTH, Lipotropin, MSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

TSH; secretes Thyroxine (T3) and Triiodothyronine (T4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Sex organs, develop follicle, estrogen secretion, and sperm maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Ovulation, corpus luteum maintenance, progesterone and testosterone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

A

Adrenal cortex, release of corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lipotrophin

A

Break down fat and synthesize and corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

A

Produced melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

Acromegaly, Carpal tunnel, over growth of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive secretion of GH, affects face, hands, and head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Produces Thyroxine (T3) and Triiodothyronine (T4) and calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Calcitonin

A

When calcium is high, calcitonin increases calcium excretion to lower blood levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

When calcium is low, PTH increases calcium reabsorption and bone demineralization to lower blood levels; Stimulated by TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Increase in metabolic function; women more than men 4:1, Graves disease is common 85%, thyroid storm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Graves Disease

A
  • Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that react against thyroglobin; stimulates enlargement and excess secretion
    -Increases SNS
    -Hyperthyroidism, increased T4 production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hyperthyroidism Clinical Manifestations

A

-Goiter: enlarged thyroid
-Increased: Nervousness, heat intolerance, tremors, heart palpitations
-Exophthalmos: protruding eyes
-Peri-Arthritis: tendon inflammation
-Myopathy: muscle weakness, dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hyperthyroidism Diagnosing

A

Increased TSH, antithyroid hormones, TSI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hyperthyroidism Therapy

A

Antithyroid medication, surgery, Radioiodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hyperthyroidism PT Implication

A

Exercise intolerance and capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Generalized slowed metabolism; congenital or removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Hypothyroidism Type I

A

Low functioning thyroid or impaired release; altered lipid metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hypothyroidism Type II

A

failure of the pituitary to release TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Hypothyroidism Clinical Manifestations

A

Neuromuscular: decreased function and stiffness
Myxedema: non pitting edema of hands, feet, and scapula
Rheumatic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Hypothyroidism Diagnosing

A

Increased: TSH, cholesterol, phosphate, triglycerides
Decreased: T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Parathyroid

A

Secrete PTH, on thyroid, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Overactive parathyroid; disrupts calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Glands enlarge and interrupt PTH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

-hypocalcemia
-glands become hyperplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Dialysis with long term secondary Hyperparathyroidism, glands become unresponsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Clinical manifestations

A

Hypercalciuria, bone damage (osteoporosis), kidney damage, decreased NS function, muscle atrophy, GI disruptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia; increased phosphate, NS irritability; decreased Ca+

Iatrogenic: Acquired, most common, gland damage or removal

Idiopathic: children, genetic or autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Hypoparathyroidism Clinical Manifestations

A

Neuromuscular irritability and calcification of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Glands on kidneys, responses to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgrens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

steroid hormones for fluid imbalances; aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

steroid hormones for metabolism of glucose, suppresses inflammation and immune functions; cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Androgens

A

sex hormones, affect gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Epinephrine

A

Fight or flight, increases response (adrenaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Same as epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency

A

Addison Disease; insufficient cortisol release; removal/injury/radiation/cancer/infection

1) Decreased Cortisol Production
2) Aldosterone Deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Pathogenesis: Decreased Cortisol production

A

less glucose production, Ca+, and stress resistance, weakness, increased ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Pathogenesis: Aldosterone Deficiency

A

Fluid imbalances, increased NA excretion, dehydration, decreased heart activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Treatment

A

Increase cortisol and fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency PT Implications

A

Limited Stress (Addisonian crisis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency

A

ACTH suppression = cortisol deficiency only
1) steroids
2) infection
3) pituitary removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction

A

Hypercorticolism, excess cortisol
Cushing Syndrome, Cushing disease, and Pseudo-Cushing syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

Hypercortisolism;
1) Hyperfunction of adrenal
2) Excess corticosteroids
3) excess ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Cushing Disease

A

over secretion of ACTH from pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Pseudo-Cushing Syndrome

A

emotional response causes symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Clinical Manifestations

A

Hyperglycemia, high BP, muscles weakness, osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Diagnosis

A

increased cortisol in urine and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids

A

Mood, skin, GI, Bone, Fluid retention, infection, weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Conn Syndrome

A

Primary aldosteronism; adrenal glands hypersecrete aldosterone due to tumor; increases NA+ reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Adipokines

A

Proteins released by fat cells; autocrine hormones; decrease appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Visceral Fat

A

Bad, around abdomen releases cytokines that cause CVD and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

bariatrics

A

study of obesity and weight management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Underweight BMI

A

<18.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Obese BMI

A

> 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Obese Class I BMI

A

30-34.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Obese Class II BMI

A

35-39.9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Obese Class III BMI

A

> 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Type 1 DM

A

5-10%, abrupt, autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Type II Dm

A

90-95%, insulin resistance from B cell stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Normal Glucose Lab values

A

A1C: 5.7%
Fasting: 99
GTT: 140

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Prediabetes Glucose Lab Values

A

A1C: 5.7-6.4%
Fasting: 100-125
GTT: 140-199

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Diabetes Glucose Lab Values

A

A1C: 6.5<%
Fasting: 126<
GTT: 200<

92
Q

Prevalence of Diabetes

A

1/10

93
Q

Prevalance of Prediabetes

A

1/3

94
Q

Incidence of people that don’t know: Diabetes

A

1/5

95
Q

Incidence of people that don’t know: Prediabetes

A

8/10

96
Q

Pathogenesis of DM

A
  1. Decreased utilization of glucose
  2. Increased fat mobilization
  3. Decreased Protein utilization
97
Q

Diabetes Clinical Manifestation

A

polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue, neuropathy, vision issues, infects, polyphagia, non-healing wounds, polyuria

98
Q

Macrovascular Complications of DM

A

-Arteries to heart, lungs, brain
-Heart disease
-stroke
-atherosclerosis

99
Q

Microvascular Complications of DM

A

-eye issues,
-peripheral nerves
-kidney failure
-infections

100
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

-Low glucose, rapid onset, shaking/dizziness/headache, tachycardia, tremors, insulin shock

101
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

-high glucose (>250), gradual, fruity breath, high ketones, polyuria

102
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

common in Type 1, Triad:
-Hyperglycemia
-acidosis
-ketosis

103
Q

Goal for DM remission

A

A1C: <7%
BP: <130/80
Low LDL, high HDL

104
Q

Endogenous opioid peptides

A

Released to control pain and inflammation, regulates immune, GI and Cv

Endorphins, enkephalins, dysorphins

105
Q

Opioid receptors

A

Mu: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation
Kappa: sedation
Delta: growth hormone

106
Q

Strong Agonists Opioids

A

-severe pain
-Mu receptors
-Morphine, tramadol

107
Q

Mild to Moderate Opioids

A

-moderate pain
-Codeine, oxycodone

108
Q

Mixed Agonist-Antagonists Opioids

A

-agonist and antagonist activity
-Activate kappa while partially blocking Mu

109
Q

Antagonist Opioids

A

-no pain relief
-treats overdoses and addiction

110
Q

Opioid Uses

A

-Preop
-general anesthesia
-cough suppressant
-severe diarrhea
-NOT for sharp, intermittent pain

111
Q

Opioid Mechanism of action

A

-Decreased Afferent pain transmission and neuron excitability
-Increased efferent activity that decreases pain

112
Q

Opioid Spinal Effects

A

Receptors bind to pre/post-synaptic membranes of spine

113
Q

Opioid Supraspinal Effects

A

-Bind to grey matter of midbrain and decrease pain from descending pathways
-Increase activity of descending pathways that release serotonin, norepinephrine, and inibits pain

114
Q

Opioid Peripheral Effects

A

Decreased excitability and transmission of primary sensory nerve endings

115
Q

Opioid Adverse effects

A

Mental slowing (narcotic), Respiratory depression, hypotension, GI distress

116
Q

Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia

A

-increased pain sensitivity or lack of response to meds
-worsens at the peak of drugs
-hypothesized due to increase glutamate

117
Q

Methadone

A

milder withdrawl symptoms

118
Q

Buprenorphine

A

mixed agonist-antagonist

119
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

-cortisol
-carbohydrate and protein metabolism

120
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

-aldosterone
-regulate electrolytes and water metabolism

121
Q

Corticosteroids

A

-used for immunosuppression and adrenal insufficiency
-Hormones produced by adrenal cortex
-Increase blood glucose
-Decrease WBC, inflammatory response, vascular permeability

122
Q

Adverse effects of corticosteroids

A

Increased:
Glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, weight gain
Decreased:
Puberty

123
Q

Adverse effects of Glucocorticoids

A

-Mood/sleep
-Skin
-GI irritation
-Bone loss
-FLuid retention
-Infection
-Muscle weakness

124
Q

NSAIDs

A

Decrease inflammation, pain, body temp, blood clotting

125
Q

Archidonic Acid Derivatives

A

Leukotriene (LOX): inflammation, asthma
Cycolooygenase (COX): fever reducer, NSAIDS inhibit on
-Prostaglandins
-Thromboxane

126
Q

COX-1

A

Gastric protection, platelet function

127
Q

COX-2

A

Pain, fever, bone formation, inflammation, cell response to stress, cell division
-Selective NSAIDs inhibit this

128
Q

Asprin Function

A

-COX 1&2 inhibitor
-Decrease pain, inflammation, fever, blood clotting, heart conditions, stroke, cancers

129
Q

Adverse effects of Asprin

A

-GI problems
-Cardiovascular issues (increase BP)
-Kidney function
-Overdose
-Reyes
-Inhibit healing (bone and wound)

130
Q

COX-2 Selective drugs

A

-Decrease GI distress and clotting
-Increase CV events

131
Q

Ways to combat GI distress from NSAIDS

A

-Histamine blockers
-Proton Pump
-Drugs that mimic prostaglandins

132
Q

Acetaminophen

A

-Not NSAIDs
-Non inflammatory
-Liver issues with too much

133
Q

Enteric NS

A

-Brain of bowel
-Functions independently of CNS
-Emotions, brain, and GI system

134
Q

Achalasia

A

-Swallowing disorder
-Failure to relax muscles

135
Q

GI Distress Symptom from Exercise

A

Cramping, fecal urgency, diarrhea, burping, nausea/vomiting, heartburn

136
Q

Neurogenic Causes of Diarrhea

A

Hyperthyroidism

137
Q

Neurogenic Causes of Constipation

A

IBS, CNS lesions, dementia

138
Q

Muscular Causes of Diarrhea

A

Electrolyte imbalance, endocrine disorder

139
Q

Muscular Causes of Constipation

A

Pelvic floor muscles, obstruction

140
Q

Mechanical Causes of Diarrhea

A

Incomplete obstruction, post op, diverticulitis

141
Q

Mechanical Causes of Constipation

A

Obstruction, tumor, pregnancy

142
Q

Other Causes of Constipation

A

Diet, opioids, dehydration

143
Q

Other Causes of Diarrhea

A

Diet, antibiotics, laxative, malabsorption, IBS

144
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

-Esophageal hiatus becomes enlarged, stomach passes through diaphragm
-Sliding hernia (90-95%)
-Rolling Hernia (5-10%)

145
Q

Hiatal Hernia Risk Factors

A

Things that weaken diaphragm and increase intrabdominal pressure

146
Q

Hiatal Hernia Clinical Manifestations

A

-heartburn
-Reflux

147
Q

Hiatal Hernia PT Implications

A

-Avoid laying flat
-Avoid valsalva
-avoid abdominal pressure

148
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

-reflux of gastric contents from lower esophageal spincter
-erosive or non-erosive
-10-20% of adults

149
Q

GERD Causes

A

-low pressure of LES, foods, smoking, bad drinks, positioning, pregnancy

150
Q

GERD Clinical Manifestations

A

Heartburn

Extra-esophageal:
-Asthma, cough, laryngitis

151
Q

GERD Treatment

A

-lifestyle modifications
-Antacids, h2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors

152
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

A

-break in lining of stomach or duodenum
-Gastric, duodenal, stress

153
Q

PUD Causes

A

Mucosal layer balance, foods, apsrin, H. Pylori

154
Q

PUD Clinical Manifestations

A

Bleeding, perforation, penetration (erodes to other organs)

155
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

-polygenic disease with complex interactions with gut microbiota
-Crohn, ulcerative colitis

Extra-intestinal manifestations
-arthritis

156
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

-chronic inflammatory disease that can affect the intestinal tract
-has lesions
-less body growth

157
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

-chronic inflammatory disorder of mucosa of colon
-usually rectum and left colon
-bloody stools
-cancer common

158
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease PT Implications

A

-low back pain, psoas abscess, joint issues, osteoporosis

159
Q

Diverticulosis

A

-outpouchings in the wall of the colon or SI
-herniate through muscular layers of colon

160
Q

Diverticulitis

A

inflammation/infection of diverticula

161
Q

Diverticular Disease Clinical Manifestations

A

Uncomplicated:
-mild symptoms of pain

Complicated:
-fistula may develop with bladder, pneumaturia, fecaluria, UTIs

162
Q

Appendicitis

A

-inflammation of the vermiform appendix that results in necrosis
-15-19 years

163
Q

Appendicitis Causes

A

-obstruction of lumen
-Bacterial infections

164
Q

Appendicitis Clinical Manifestation

A

-Abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, low-grade fever
-pain is constant and may shift within 12 hours
-McBurneys point
-WBC >20,000

165
Q

Rectum Fissure

A

-ulceration or tear of lining of anal canal
-excessive tearing
-sharp pain, burning, spasms

166
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Varicose veins inder mucosal membranes in lower anus and rectum

167
Q

Internal hemorrhoids

A

lower rectum, bleeding in stool

168
Q

External hemorrhoids

A

-under skin around anus, bleeding, nerve-rich tissue
-medications

169
Q

Liver Function

A

-digestive, endocrine, excretory, hematologic, and immune
-conversion of bilirubin
-clotting factors
-metabolize drugs
-filters blood
-albumin

170
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine Gland
-digestive juices, neutralize acids

Endocrine Gland
-secretion of glucagon and insulin

171
Q

Gallbladder

A

-bile reservoir
-release bile

172
Q

Liver Disease Symptoms

A

-hepatic osteodystrophy
-dark urine
-light feces
-RUQ pain
-GI symptoms
-Edema

173
Q

Hepatic Failure

A

-liver cells sufficiently diminished due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, inflammation

Clinical Syndrome
-Hepatic encephalopathy: neuromuscular dysfunction due to decreased liver function
-Renal failure
-jaundice

174
Q

Jaundice

A

-yellow discoloration of the skin (>2)
-yellow/ dark urine and stool (>3)

  1. Overproduction of bilirubin
  2. Decreased bilirubin metabolism
  3. Hepatocyte dysfunction
  4. Impaired bile flow
175
Q

Spider Angiomas

A

vascular manifestations of increased estrogen levels or liver disease

176
Q

Palmar erythema

A

warm redness of the skin over palms from liver failure

177
Q

Neurologic Symptoms

A

-confusion, sleep disturbances, muscle tremors, hyper-reactive relaxes
-impaired PNS function
-hepatic encephalopathy

178
Q

Asterixis

A

-flapping tremors or Liver Flap
-inability to maintain wrist extension with forward flexion of UE
-tremor absent at rest

179
Q

MSK Symptoms liver disease

A

-thoracic pain b/wn scapula, right shoulder, trapezius

Hepatic Osteodystrophy
-abnormal development of bone
-most common symptom
-osteomalacia or osteoporosis
-pain in wrist

180
Q

Aging Hepatic System

A

-liver decreases in size, weight and blood flow
-increase time to process
-less tolerant to damage
-decreased albumin production
-decreased immune functions

181
Q

Liver Drug Distribution w/ Age

A

-albumin decreases, drugs that bind might need increased dosages
-increased fat mass increases lipophilic drug distribution

182
Q

Liver Disease Complications

A

-Jaundice
-cirrhosis
-portal hypertension
-hepatic encephalopathy
-ascites

183
Q

Cirrhosis

A

-irreversible inflammation of the liver
-liver damage
-loss of normal tissue

184
Q

Portal Hypertension

A

-elevated portal pressure entering liver is higher than IVC
-fibrosis contributes
-Blood backs up into other areas

185
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy

A

-neuropsychiatric syndromes from subtle to motor disturbances
-Gi bleeding, infection, hypovolemia

186
Q

Ascites

A

-accumulation fo fluid in peritoneal cavity
-caused by liver cirrhosis, heart failure
-dyspnea
- pericentesis and diacritics

Spontaneous bacterial Perotonitis:
-infection of ascitic fluid with portal hypertension

187
Q

Hepatitis

A

-inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
-ABCDEF

188
Q

Chronic hepatitis

A

-several diseases for >6 months
-most asymptomatic

189
Q

Acute Liver Failure

A

-rare, but can be fatal
-develops over days to weeks
-Most caused by acetaminophen hepatotoxicity

190
Q

Viral hepatitis

A

-ABCDEF
-long incubation period
-easily spread
-symptoms:malaise, fatigue, fever, nausea/vomiting, anorexia

191
Q

Hepatitis A

A

-fecal to oral
-contaminated water or food
-transmission highest during incubation (15-50 days)
-acute only

192
Q

Hepatitis B

A

-highly infectious
-STD
-Percutaneously transmitted (skin puncture and blood)
-2-5 months incubation
-can stay in blood for 1 wk

193
Q

Hepatitis C

A

-injection use
-can become chronic
-2 wks- 6m

194
Q

Hepatitis D

A

-uncommon in US
-superinfection of Hep B

195
Q

Hepatitis E

A

-uncommon in US
-contaminated water
-fecal to oral

196
Q

Hepatitis F

A

-Fulminant Hepatitis
-acetaminophen hepatoxicity
-severe, sudden, sometimes fatal

197
Q

Alcoholic Liver Disease

A

-Alcoholic steatosis (fatty liver): <3 bilirubin, elevated AST & ALT enzymes

-Alcoholic steatohepatitis: only histologic diagnosis

-Alcoholic hepatitis: >3 bilirubin, elevated AST & ALT enzymes, fibrosis

-Cirrhosis

198
Q

Alcoholic Liver Disease Pathogenesis

A

-fatty liver disease
-alcohol stresses hepatocytes
-liver responds to inflammation by scarring

199
Q

Alcoholic Liver Disease Treatment

A

-nutrition
-liver transplant
-corticosterioids
-stop alcohol

200
Q

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A

-fatty liver disease without inflammation
-asymptommatic

Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis

Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

201
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

-inflammation of pancreas
-2/3 involve gallstones and alcohol
-Mild or moderately severe
-interstitial or necrotizing

-back pain, GI symptoms, weight loss

202
Q

Mild Acute Pancreatitis

A

-absence of organ failure

203
Q

Moderately Severe Pancreatitis

A

-organ failure, RUQ pain, back pain

204
Q

Interstitial Acute Pancreatitis

A

-80% of cases
-mild

205
Q

Necrotizing Acute Pancreatitis

A

-20% of cases
-higher mortality

206
Q

Severe Acute Pancreatitis

A

-cytokines and free radicals create systemic response
-fever, tachycardia, hypoxia, tachypnea
Fluid changes

207
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis

A

-irreversible changes to pancreas of chronic inflammation
-activation of stellate cells leading to fibrosis
-abdominal pain, back pain, worse with meals, 90% of function loss

208
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

A

-3rd leading cause of cancer morality
-lowest 5 year survival rate
-95% adenocarcinoma (75% head of pancreas)
-History of T2D

209
Q

Pancreatic Cancer Clinical Manifestations

A

-vague
-abdominal pain
-weight loss
-jaundice
-obstruction of portal vein
-diabetes

210
Q

Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis

A

-Lymph nodes to liver to lungs to bone to adrenals
-tumors at body and tail are 2x more likely to metastasize

211
Q

Chole-

A

bile

212
Q

Cholang-

A

bile ducts

213
Q

Cholangiography

A

Radiographic study of bile ducts

214
Q

Cholangitis

A

-inflammation of bile duct
-obstruction and stasis of bile from stones
-Charcot Triad: pain, fever, jaundice
-Reynolds Penad: charcot triad plus hypotension

215
Q

Cholecyst-

A

gallbladder

216
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

removal of gallbladder

217
Q

Cholecytitis

A

-inflammation fo gallbladder
-prolonged abdominal pain

218
Q

cholecystography

A

radiographic study of gallbladder

219
Q

cholecystostomy

A

incision and drainage of gallbladder

220
Q

Choledocho-

A

common bile duct

221
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

stones in common bile duct

222
Q

choledochostomy

A

exploration of common bile ducts

223
Q

Cholelith-

A

gallstones

224
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

-presence of gallstones
-gallstone disease
-75% cholesterol
-25% bilirubin
-Most common symptoms in cystic duct
-abdominal pain

225
Q

Cholescintigraphy

A

radionuclide imaging of biliary systems

226
Q

Cholestasis

A

stoppage or suppression of bile flow

Internal Medicine (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions