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AH Biology > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in science what is the refinement of ideas?

A

refinement of ideas is the norm, and scientific knowledge can be thought of as the current best explanation, which may then be updated after evaluation of further experimental evidence

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2
Q

how can conflicting data or conclusions be resolved

A

Conflicting data or conclusions can be resolved through careful evaluation or can lead to further experimentation.

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3
Q

what is failure to find an effect

A

Failure to find an effect (a negative result) is a valid finding, as long as an experiment is well designed

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4
Q

what are the 3 Rs

A

Replacement, refinement reduction

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5
Q

what is Replacement

A

Avoiding or replacing the use of animals in areas where they otherwise would have been used.

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6
Q

what is Reduction

A

Minimising the number of animals used consistent with scientific aims.

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7
Q

what is Refinement

A

Minimising the pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that research animals might experience.

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8
Q

what is the null hypothesis

A

The null hypothesis proposes that there will
be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment

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9
Q

when do scientific ideas become accepted

A

Scientific ideas only become accepted once they have been checked independently

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10
Q

what do effects need to be

A

Effects must be reproducible; one-off results
are treated with caution.

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11
Q

scientific cycle stages

A

observation; construction
of a testable hypothesis; experimental design; gathering, recording, and analysis of data; evaluation of results and conclusions; the formation of a revised hypothesis where necessary

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12
Q

what happens if there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due
to chance

A

the null hypothesis is
rejected

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13
Q

what is the importance of publication of methods,
data, analysis, and conclusions in scientific
reports

A

so that others are able to repeat an experiment

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14
Q

what are some common methods of sharing original
scientific findings

A

seminars, talks and posters at conferences, and publishing in academic journals.

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15
Q

what is the use of review articles

A

to summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

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16
Q

what do most scientific publications use

A

Peer review

17
Q

what is peer review

A

Peer review is when specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.

18
Q

Define validity

A

variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable.

19
Q

Define accuracy

A

data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value.

20
Q

define reliability

A

consistent values in repeats and independent replicates

21
Q

Define precision

A

measured values are close to each other.

22
Q

in animal studies what are the 3 Rs for

A

to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to animals

23
Q

what is used to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to humans

A

Informed consent, the right to withdraw, and
confidentiality

24
Q

what can influence scientific research

A

Legislation, regulation, policy and funding can all influence scientific research

25
Q

What limits the potential for the misuse
of studies and data.

A

Legislation

26
Q

what must be taken into account during an experiment

A

The risk to and safety of subject species, individuals, investigators and the environment

27
Q

what are the 3 different types of sampling

A

random, systematic, stratified

28
Q

what is random sampling

A

members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

29
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

members of a population are selected at regular intervals

30
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

the population is divided into categories that are
then sampled proportionally.

AH Biology (12 decks)

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