unit 3

Question 1

in science what is the refinement of ideas?

Answer 1

refinement of ideas is the norm, and scientific knowledge can be thought of as the current best explanation, which may then be updated after evaluation of further experimental evidence

Question 2

how can conflicting data or conclusions be resolved

Answer 2

Conflicting data or conclusions can be resolved through careful evaluation or can lead to further experimentation.

Question 3

what is failure to find an effect

Answer 3

Failure to find an effect (a negative result) is a valid finding, as long as an experiment is well designed

Question 4

what are the 3 Rs

Answer 4

Replacement, refinement reduction

Question 5

what is Replacement

Answer 5

Avoiding or replacing the use of animals in areas where they otherwise would have been used.

Question 6

what is Reduction

Answer 6

Minimising the number of animals used consistent with scientific aims.

Question 7

what is Refinement

Answer 7

Minimising the pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that research animals might experience.

Question 8

what is the null hypothesis

Answer 8

The null hypothesis proposes that there will
be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment treatment

Question 9

when do scientific ideas become accepted

Answer 9

Scientific ideas only become accepted once they have been checked independently

Question 10

what do effects need to be

Answer 10

Effects must be reproducible; one-off results
are treated with caution.

Question 11

scientific cycle stages

Answer 11

observation; construction
of a testable hypothesis; experimental design; gathering, recording, and analysis of data; evaluation of results and conclusions; the formation of a revised hypothesis where necessary

Question 12

what happens if there is evidence for an effect, unlikely due
to chance

Answer 12

the null hypothesis is
rejected

Question 13

what is the importance of publication of methods,
data, analysis, and conclusions in scientific
reports

Answer 13

so that others are able to repeat an experiment

Question 14

what are some common methods of sharing original
scientific findings

Answer 14

seminars, talks and posters at conferences, and publishing in academic journals.

Question 15

what is the use of review articles

Answer 15

to summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular field

Question 16

what do most scientific publications use

Answer 16

Peer review

Question 17

what is peer review

Answer 17

Peer review is when specialists with expertise in the relevant field assess the scientific quality of a submitted manuscript and make recommendations regarding its suitability for publication.

Question 18

Define validity

Answer 18

variables controlled so that any measured effect is likely to be due to the independent variable.

Question 19

Define accuracy

Answer 19

data, or means of data sets, are close to the true value.

Question 20

define reliability

Answer 20

consistent values in repeats and independent replicates

Question 21

Define precision

Answer 21

measured values are close to each other.

Question 22

in animal studies what are the 3 Rs for

Answer 22

to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to animals

Question 23

what is used to avoid, reduce or minimise the harm to humans

Answer 23

Informed consent, the right to withdraw, and
confidentiality

Question 24

what can influence scientific research

Answer 24

Legislation, regulation, policy and funding can all influence scientific research

Question 25

What limits the potential for the misuse
of studies and data.

Answer 25

Legislation

Question 26

what must be taken into account during an experiment

Answer 26

The risk to and safety of subject species, individuals, investigators and the environment

Question 27

what are the 3 different types of sampling

Answer 27

random, systematic, stratified

Question 28

what is random sampling

Answer 28

members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

Question 29

what is systematic sampling

Answer 29

members of a population are selected at regular intervals

Question 30

what is stratified sampling

Answer 30

the population is divided into categories that are
then sampled proportionally.