Unit 3 Flashcards
An enduring emotional bond with another person (seek comfort and security from this person in times of distress or uncertainty)
attachment
- caregiver response: consistently responsive, consistently sensitive and appropriate to child’s needs
- internal working model: positive, secure
- infant behavior: uses parent as secure base; likely to be upset during separation, but seeks contact and calms during reunion
secure attachment style
- caregiver response: consistently unresponsive, or consistently insensitive or inappropriate
- internal working model: negative, avoidant
- infant behavior: explores freely; similar behavior to stranger as parent; not particularly reactive during separation or reunion (but may be ‘masking’)
insecure/avoidant attachment style
- caregiver response: inconsistently responsive, or inconsistently sensitive or appropriate
- internal working model: negative, anxious
- infant behavior: clingy, very upset during separation; not easily soothed during reunion and may both seek and resist contact with parent
insecure/ambivalent attachment style
- warmth (responsiveness): sensitivity, responsiveness, acceptance, involvement, patience; promotes emotional connection
- control (demandingness): demands, rules, expectation, supervision, feedback; promotes maturity and alignment with social standards
features or parenting styles
- higher control, lower warmth
- heavy control over child behavior, desire for authority, lower displays of positivity and affection
authoritarian parenting style
- higher control, higher warmth
- clear and reasonable expectations, consistent feedback, with warmth and sensitivity to child’s needs
authoritative parenting style
- lower control, lower warmth
- low involvement in terms of supervision and responsiveness to child’s needs
disengaged parenting style
- lower control, higher warmth
- high responsiveness to child, but weak or inconsistent enforcement of rules and expectations
permissive parenting style
- growth in autonomy and self-regulation
- increasing role of peer relationships
- risk-taking, sensation-seeking, but also executive function
- growth in moral reasoning and self-identity
adolescence
- ‘in between’ period from about 18-25 years
- delay in adult ‘social clock’ compared to older generations
emerging adulthood
- less focus in developmental frameworks
- relationships
- parenting and family relationships
- close/romantic relationships and adult attachment
- work-life balance
- spillover between work and personal life
- achieving a sense of productivity in one’s life
- relationships
young and middle adulthood
- growing interest in gerontology and aging research
- Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
- older adults are more selective with their socioemotional and psychological resources
- can focus on the present rather than plan for the future
- bias towards positive information
older adulthood
how we perceive ourselves and others
person perception
evaluate orientation towards a particular target
attitude
consciously held, can be stated, involve awareness (even if private)
explicit bias
automatic, below conscious awareness
implicit bias
mental representation (schema) about a group
stereotype
negative attitude about a group (or members of a group)
prejudice
shorter reaction time to sort paired concepts have stronger association in implicit memory; longer reaction time if paired concepts have weaker association
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
- discomfort that results from a sense of conflict between one’s beliefs, values, and/or attitudes and one’s actual behaviors
- motivates a desire to resolve (or avoid) such conflicts (ex. change attitudes, change behaviors, match beliefs, etc.)
cognitive dissonance
explanation about the causes of behavior
attribution
attribute others’ behavior to internal (vs. situational) factors
person bias
attribute own success to internal factors, failure to situational factors
self-serving attribution biases
people with younger looking features tend to be perceived as honest, warm and kind however more naive and helpless, less mature
baby-face bias
people who is considered physically attractive are associated with better qualities compared to people who are less attractive
attractiveness bias
change in behavior to mimic the behavior or preferences of other people in one’s environment (due to real or imagined group pressure)
conformity
pressure to be correct or accurately understand the world
informational influence
pressure to maintain social approval
normative influence
lower likelihood of helping in the presence of others vs. alone
bystander effect
a phenomenon that occurs when people mistakenly believe that everyone else holds a different opinion from their own when they see an action that they think is wrong and no one is doing something to stop it
pluralistic ignorance
refers to the decreased responsibility of action each member of a group feels when they are part of a group
diffusion of responsibility
change in behavior in response to a request
compliance
make small request, then add larger request
foot-in-the-door
make (too) large request, then smaller
door in the face
offer attractive request, then switch to less-attractive
bait-and-switch
get agreement, then increase request
low ball
label person as one who would comply with request
labeling
change in behavior response to direct commands from an authority figure
obedience
- group size
- unanimity
- expertise/status
- ambiguity
factors that influence conformity
- reciprocity
- commitment/consistency
- authority
- social proof
- liking/friendship
factors that influence compliance
- loss of responsibility
- legitimacy of authority
- proximity
- models
factors that influence obedience
psychological concept relating to the tendency for the presence of others to improve a person’s performance on a task
social facilitation
refers to a decline in motivation and effort found when people combine their efforts to form a group product
social loafing
refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members
group polarization
phenomenon that occurs when a group of well-intentioned people makes irrational or non-optimal decisions spurred by the urge to conform or the belief that dissent is impossible
groupthink
respect and protect the personal needs and rights of people who participate in research, including those in vulnerable populations
autonomy
minimize risks to participants relative to the benefits [of research]
beneficence
distribute risks and benefits of research equally across different populations
justice
promote truth and honesty in all aspects of research
integrity
- informed consent, lack of coercion
- limiting deception, debriefing participants
- anonymity and/or confidentiality of study data
- honesty and integrity in data collection, data analysis, and publication process
practices that uphold ethical principles
- Open to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Big 5 Personality Traits
open to ways of thinking or being curious about things
open to experience
being able to control one’s behavior to achieve goals
conscientiousness
enjoy interpersonal interactions, outgoing, assertive
extraversion
treating others with sympathy and concern, good natured, trusting
agreeableness
experiencing distressing emotions and thoughts
neuroticism
emphasizes competing mental forces as a basis for individual differences in behavior
psychodynamic approaches to personality
emphasizes individual differences in the conscious experience of self, motivation, and beliefs
humanistic approaches to personality
emphasizes individual differences in beliefs about one’s self and about the world, conscious or unconscious
social-cognitive approaches to personality
pathology, i.e., disorder, of a psychological nature
psychopathology
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
psychological disorders
atypicality of thoughts or behavior
deviance
negative thoughts and emotions
distress
inability to lead a typical life
dysfunction
things that are in place in an individual before the onset of a disorder is known
predisposition (predisposing cause)
acute. or immediate events in one’s environment that bring on the disorder
precipitation (precipitating cause)
things that are consequences of the disorder that prolong the disorder
perpetuation (perpetuating cause)
predisposition (diathesis) leads to disorder for those exposed to less-ideal environments (stress)
diathesis-stress patterns
- generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder
- trauma and stressor-related disorders, e.g., acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder
anxiety disorders
- depression, eg., major depressive disorder
- bipolar disorder
mood disorders
- disordered thoughts and speech
- positive symptoms
- delusions, hallucinations
- disorganized behavior
- inappropriate to context, catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms
- reduction or absence of expected responses
schizophrenia
- deficits in social communication and social interaction
- restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior or interest
autism spectrum disorder
- hyperactivity, impulsivity, poor behavioral control
- and/or difficulty shifting or focusing attention
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
- cluster A: odd or eccentric
- paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
- cluster B: dramatic or emotional
- antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
- cluster C: anxious or fearful
- avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
personality disorders
- emphasis on psychological disorders as disrupted or malfunctioning biological processes
- role of clinician: alter neurological and bodily processes
biomedical treatment
- psychopharmacology
- psychosurgery
- electroconvulsive therapy
- brain stimulation techniques
examples of biomedical treatment
- emphasis on unconscious influences on thoughts and behaviors, adaptive role of the ego
- possible roles of therapist
- encourage clients to bring unconscious drives, motivations, and influences into conscience awareness
- interpret free associations, dreams, childhood memories, “slips of the tongue”, etc.
- encourage clients to understand and harness their reality
psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy
- emphasis on conscious self-actualization, self-direction, and self-esteem
- possible roles of the therapist
- see: client-centered therapy, motivational interviewing, Gestalt therapy, experiential therapy
- express empathy, unconditional positive regard, and active listening
- help client arrive at their own conclusions, be non-directive, avoid providing explicit advice
- encourage clients to focus on the present and reduce discrepancies between their current behavior and their goals
humanistic approach to psychotherapy
- emphasis on the alteration of maladaptive thoughts and beliefs, and thus alter their consequences
- typical role of therapist
- direct client to identify, dispute, and reinterpret maladaptive thoughts and beliefs
- … and thus, create more adaptive consequences for the client’s belief
cognitive approach to psychotherapy
- emphasis on the replacing of maladaptive behaviors with adaptive behaviors and focuses on learning via conditioning and modeling
- possible roles of therapist
- see: exposure therapy, token economies, contingency management
- help client identify/ extinguish maladaptive conditioned responses
- help client identify and replace reinforces for maladaptive behaviors
- provide adaptive models for client behavior
behavioral approach to psychotherapy
