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Psych 101 Final > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

An enduring emotional bond with another person (seek comfort and security from this person in times of distress or uncertainty)

A

attachment

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2
Q
  • caregiver response: consistently responsive, consistently sensitive and appropriate to child’s needs
  • internal working model: positive, secure
  • infant behavior: uses parent as secure base; likely to be upset during separation, but seeks contact and calms during reunion
A

secure attachment style

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3
Q
  • caregiver response: consistently unresponsive, or consistently insensitive or inappropriate
  • internal working model: negative, avoidant
  • infant behavior: explores freely; similar behavior to stranger as parent; not particularly reactive during separation or reunion (but may be ‘masking’)
A

insecure/avoidant attachment style

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4
Q
  • caregiver response: inconsistently responsive, or inconsistently sensitive or appropriate
  • internal working model: negative, anxious
  • infant behavior: clingy, very upset during separation; not easily soothed during reunion and may both seek and resist contact with parent
A

insecure/ambivalent attachment style

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5
Q
  • warmth (responsiveness): sensitivity, responsiveness, acceptance, involvement, patience; promotes emotional connection
  • control (demandingness): demands, rules, expectation, supervision, feedback; promotes maturity and alignment with social standards
A

features or parenting styles

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6
Q
  • higher control, lower warmth
  • heavy control over child behavior, desire for authority, lower displays of positivity and affection
A

authoritarian parenting style

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7
Q
  • higher control, higher warmth
  • clear and reasonable expectations, consistent feedback, with warmth and sensitivity to child’s needs
A

authoritative parenting style

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8
Q
  • lower control, lower warmth
  • low involvement in terms of supervision and responsiveness to child’s needs
A

disengaged parenting style

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9
Q
  • lower control, higher warmth
  • high responsiveness to child, but weak or inconsistent enforcement of rules and expectations
A

permissive parenting style

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10
Q
  • growth in autonomy and self-regulation
  • increasing role of peer relationships
  • risk-taking, sensation-seeking, but also executive function
  • growth in moral reasoning and self-identity
A

adolescence

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11
Q
  • ‘in between’ period from about 18-25 years
  • delay in adult ‘social clock’ compared to older generations
A

emerging adulthood

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12
Q
  • less focus in developmental frameworks
    • relationships
      • parenting and family relationships
      • close/romantic relationships and adult attachment
    • work-life balance
      • spillover between work and personal life
      • achieving a sense of productivity in one’s life
A

young and middle adulthood

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13
Q
  • growing interest in gerontology and aging research
  • Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
    • older adults are more selective with their socioemotional and psychological resources
    • can focus on the present rather than plan for the future
    • bias towards positive information
A

older adulthood

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14
Q

how we perceive ourselves and others

A

person perception

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15
Q

evaluate orientation towards a particular target

A

attitude

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16
Q

consciously held, can be stated, involve awareness (even if private)

A

explicit bias

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17
Q

automatic, below conscious awareness

A

implicit bias

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18
Q

mental representation (schema) about a group

A

stereotype

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19
Q

negative attitude about a group (or members of a group)

A

prejudice

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20
Q

shorter reaction time to sort paired concepts have stronger association in implicit memory; longer reaction time if paired concepts have weaker association

A

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

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21
Q
  • discomfort that results from a sense of conflict between one’s beliefs, values, and/or attitudes and one’s actual behaviors
  • motivates a desire to resolve (or avoid) such conflicts (ex. change attitudes, change behaviors, match beliefs, etc.)
A

cognitive dissonance

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22
Q

explanation about the causes of behavior

A

attribution

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23
Q

attribute others’ behavior to internal (vs. situational) factors

A

person bias

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24
Q

attribute own success to internal factors, failure to situational factors

A

self-serving attribution biases

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25
Q

people with younger looking features tend to be perceived as honest, warm and kind however more naive and helpless, less mature

A

baby-face bias

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26
Q

people who is considered physically attractive are associated with better qualities compared to people who are less attractive

A

attractiveness bias

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27
Q

change in behavior to mimic the behavior or preferences of other people in one’s environment (due to real or imagined group pressure)

A

conformity

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28
Q

pressure to be correct or accurately understand the world

A

informational influence

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29
Q

pressure to maintain social approval

A

normative influence

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30
Q

lower likelihood of helping in the presence of others vs. alone

A

bystander effect

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31
Q

a phenomenon that occurs when people mistakenly believe that everyone else holds a different opinion from their own when they see an action that they think is wrong and no one is doing something to stop it

A

pluralistic ignorance

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32
Q

refers to the decreased responsibility of action each member of a group feels when they are part of a group

A

diffusion of responsibility

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33
Q

change in behavior in response to a request

A

compliance

34
Q

make small request, then add larger request

A

foot-in-the-door

35
Q

make (too) large request, then smaller

A

door in the face

36
Q

offer attractive request, then switch to less-attractive

A

bait-and-switch

37
Q

get agreement, then increase request

A

low ball

38
Q

label person as one who would comply with request

A

labeling

39
Q

change in behavior response to direct commands from an authority figure

A

obedience

40
Q
  • group size
  • unanimity
  • expertise/status
  • ambiguity
A

factors that influence conformity

41
Q
  • reciprocity
  • commitment/consistency
  • authority
  • social proof
  • liking/friendship
A

factors that influence compliance

42
Q
  • loss of responsibility
  • legitimacy of authority
  • proximity
  • models
A

factors that influence obedience

43
Q

psychological concept relating to the tendency for the presence of others to improve a person’s performance on a task

A

social facilitation

44
Q

refers to a decline in motivation and effort found when people combine their efforts to form a group product

A

social loafing

45
Q

refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members

A

group polarization

46
Q

phenomenon that occurs when a group of well-intentioned people makes irrational or non-optimal decisions spurred by the urge to conform or the belief that dissent is impossible

A

groupthink

47
Q

respect and protect the personal needs and rights of people who participate in research, including those in vulnerable populations

A

autonomy

48
Q

minimize risks to participants relative to the benefits [of research]

A

beneficence

49
Q

distribute risks and benefits of research equally across different populations

A

justice

50
Q

promote truth and honesty in all aspects of research

A

integrity

51
Q
  • informed consent, lack of coercion
  • limiting deception, debriefing participants
  • anonymity and/or confidentiality of study data
  • honesty and integrity in data collection, data analysis, and publication process
A

practices that uphold ethical principles

52
Q
  • Open to experience
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
A

Big 5 Personality Traits

53
Q

open to ways of thinking or being curious about things

A

open to experience

54
Q

being able to control one’s behavior to achieve goals

A

conscientiousness

55
Q

enjoy interpersonal interactions, outgoing, assertive

A

extraversion

56
Q

treating others with sympathy and concern, good natured, trusting

A

agreeableness

57
Q

experiencing distressing emotions and thoughts

A

neuroticism

58
Q

emphasizes competing mental forces as a basis for individual differences in behavior

A

psychodynamic approaches to personality

59
Q

emphasizes individual differences in the conscious experience of self, motivation, and beliefs

A

humanistic approaches to personality

60
Q

emphasizes individual differences in beliefs about one’s self and about the world, conscious or unconscious

A

social-cognitive approaches to personality

61
Q

pathology, i.e., disorder, of a psychological nature

A

psychopathology

62
Q

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

A

psychological disorders

63
Q

atypicality of thoughts or behavior

A

deviance

64
Q

negative thoughts and emotions

A

distress

65
Q

inability to lead a typical life

A

dysfunction

66
Q

things that are in place in an individual before the onset of a disorder is known

A

predisposition (predisposing cause)

67
Q

acute. or immediate events in one’s environment that bring on the disorder

A

precipitation (precipitating cause)

68
Q

things that are consequences of the disorder that prolong the disorder

A

perpetuation (perpetuating cause)

69
Q

predisposition (diathesis) leads to disorder for those exposed to less-ideal environments (stress)

A

diathesis-stress patterns

70
Q
  • generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • trauma and stressor-related disorders, e.g., acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder
A

anxiety disorders

71
Q
  • depression, eg., major depressive disorder
  • bipolar disorder
A

mood disorders

72
Q
  • disordered thoughts and speech
  • positive symptoms
    • delusions, hallucinations
  • disorganized behavior
    • inappropriate to context, catatonic behavior
  • negative symptoms
    • reduction or absence of expected responses
A

schizophrenia

73
Q
  • deficits in social communication and social interaction
  • restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior or interest
A

autism spectrum disorder

74
Q
  • hyperactivity, impulsivity, poor behavioral control
  • and/or difficulty shifting or focusing attention
A

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

75
Q
  • cluster A: odd or eccentric
    • paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
  • cluster B: dramatic or emotional
    • antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
  • cluster C: anxious or fearful
    • avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
A

personality disorders

76
Q
  • emphasis on psychological disorders as disrupted or malfunctioning biological processes
  • role of clinician: alter neurological and bodily processes
A

biomedical treatment

77
Q
  • psychopharmacology
  • psychosurgery
  • electroconvulsive therapy
  • brain stimulation techniques
A

examples of biomedical treatment

78
Q
  • emphasis on unconscious influences on thoughts and behaviors, adaptive role of the ego
  • possible roles of therapist
    • encourage clients to bring unconscious drives, motivations, and influences into conscience awareness
    • interpret free associations, dreams, childhood memories, “slips of the tongue”, etc.
    • encourage clients to understand and harness their reality
A

psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy

79
Q
  • emphasis on conscious self-actualization, self-direction, and self-esteem
  • possible roles of the therapist
    • see: client-centered therapy, motivational interviewing, Gestalt therapy, experiential therapy
    • express empathy, unconditional positive regard, and active listening
    • help client arrive at their own conclusions, be non-directive, avoid providing explicit advice
    • encourage clients to focus on the present and reduce discrepancies between their current behavior and their goals
A

humanistic approach to psychotherapy

80
Q
  • emphasis on the alteration of maladaptive thoughts and beliefs, and thus alter their consequences
  • typical role of therapist
    • direct client to identify, dispute, and reinterpret maladaptive thoughts and beliefs
    • … and thus, create more adaptive consequences for the client’s belief
A

cognitive approach to psychotherapy

81
Q
  • emphasis on the replacing of maladaptive behaviors with adaptive behaviors and focuses on learning via conditioning and modeling
  • possible roles of therapist
    • see: exposure therapy, token economies, contingency management
    • help client identify/ extinguish maladaptive conditioned responses
    • help client identify and replace reinforces for maladaptive behaviors
    • provide adaptive models for client behavior
A

behavioral approach to psychotherapy

Psych 101 Final (1 decks)

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