Unit 3

Question 1

What is the scientific cycle?

Answer 1

Observation, testable hypothesis, experimental design, gathering and analysis of data and evaluation of results + conclusion

Question 2

What does the null hypothesis state

Answer 2

That there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment

Question 3

When is the null hypothesis rejected?

Answer 3

When there is evidence for an effect

Question 4

What should one off results be treated with?

Answer 4

Caution- essential to do independent repeats

Question 5

When is a negative result ok?

Answer 5

When the experiment is well designed

Question 6

What is peer review?

Answer 6

The process of other experts reviewing and critiquing work

Question 7

What should scientific findings include to allow repeats

Answer 7

Methods data analysis and conclusion

Question 8

what are common methods of sharing findings?

Answer 8

Seminar, talks, posters and academic journals

Question 9

What is replacement?

Answer 9

the use of alternatives to animals in the study

Question 10

What is reduction?

Answer 10

Keeping the animals used to a minimum

Question 11

What is refinement?

Answer 11

minimising the negative impact on animals being used

Question 12

What are the ethics of human studies?

Answer 12

informed consent, right to withdraw data and confidentiality

Question 13

what is a review article

Answer 13

summarise current knowledge and new findings

Question 14

What is a pilot study?

Answer 14

a small scale investigation of a planned research project which assesses validity and checks techniques

Question 15

What does a pilot study allow for?

Answer 15

modification of experimental design and appropriate range of values for the independent variable

Question 16

What are variables?

Answer 16

factors which can be measured controlled or changed in an experiment

Question 17

What is a confounding variable

Answer 17

a variable aside from the independent variable that can affect the result

Question 18

What is a continuous variable?

Answer 18

wide range of values

Question 19

discrete

Answer 19

clear cut differences

Question 20

simple experiment

Answer 20

one independent variable is being investigated

Question 21

multi factorial

Answer 21

combination of independent variables or treatments

Question 22

observational

Answer 22

independent variable is not directly controlled by the investigator

Question 23

randomised block design

Answer 23

controls confounding variables so they effect all treatment and control groups the same

Question 24

control groups

Answer 24

used for comparison with treatment groups

Question 25

negative control

Answer 25

provides results in absence of a treatment

Question 26

positive control

Answer 26

provides results with a well known treatment and proves system can detect a positive result

Question 27

reliability

Answer 27

can be improved by repeating investigation or measurements

Question 28

validity

Answer 28

variables are controlled

Question 29

placebo

Answer 29

a measurable change to the dependent variable which is due to a patients expectations

Question 30

representative sample

Answer 30

a sample has the same mean and same degree of variation around the whole population

Question 31

qualative

Answer 31

subjective and descriptive

Question 32

quantitive

Answer 32

can be measured with objectively