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Brain and Behavior 345-201 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant targets
-secrete the principal hormones
-Leydig and Sertoli cells in testies

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2
Q

Pheramones

A

A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species

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3
Q

Allamones

A

A chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species

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4
Q

Peptide Hormone (AKA protein hormone)

A

A hormone that consists of a string of amino acids
-Cannot come and go as pleases

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5
Q

Amine Hormone (AKA monoamine hormone)

A

A hormone composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule
-melatonin or epinephrine

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6
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

Any of a class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
-Dissolves readily in lipids, can pass through membranes easily.
Generally located inside the target cell

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7
Q

Second Messenger

A

slow-acting substance in target cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic/hormonal activity and regulates activity in target cell.
-Peptide and amine hormones bind to receptor proteins on surface of target cell and activate second messengers

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8
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Endocrine gland at the base of the skull.
-Hypothalamus is connected via the pituitary stalk.
-Regulates most other endocrine glands (Deemed The Master Gland)

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9
Q

Neuroendocrine Glands

A

neuron that releases hormones into local or general circulation via bloodstream

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10
Q

Posterior Gland

A

The rear division of the pituitary gland
-the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Transport hormones down their axons, which extend through the pituitary stalk to terminate in the posterior pituitary
-Release two peptide hormones: oxytocin and vasopressin

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11
Q

Oxytocin

A

A peptide hormone, released from the posterior pituitary
-Triggers milk letdown

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12
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The process whereby a system monitors its own output and reduces its activity when a set point is reached.
-Like a thermostat

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13
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

The front division of the pituitary gland. It secretes tropic hormones

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14
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands
- travels throughout the bloodstream, reaching all glands, but only the target glands have the appropriate receptors to respond to it. The gland then releases its own hormones

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15
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary’s release of tropic hormones

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16
Q

Vasopresin

A

peptide hormone from posterior pituitary
-Promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure

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17
Q

Milk Letdown

A

The reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to stimuli associated with suckling.
-Oxytocin

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18
Q

Median Eminence

A

the point at which the pituitary stalk exits the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary
-Where axons of these neuroendocrine cells converge

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19
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System

A

-in response to input, axon terminals of the hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells secrete releasing hormones into the local bloodstream
-Blood carries releasing hormones into the anterior pituitary
-anterior pituitary cells release tropic hormones into general circulation
-tropic hormones regulate activity of major endocrine organs in body

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20
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of (LH) and (FSH) from the pituitary (arrives at the anterior pituitary)

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21
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

A gonadotropin, named for its actions on ovarian follicles
-tropic hormones
F: stimulates growth and maturation of egg-containing follicles and secretion of estrogens
M: FSH governs sperm production

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22
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

A gonadotropin, named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea (secretes the sex steroid hormone progesterone)
M: stimulates the testes to produce T

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23
Q

Proceptive

A

Readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors
M: staying near the females, sniffing face or vagina
F: approach males, remain close to them, or show alternating approach and retreat behaviors

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24
Q

Copulation/Coitus

A

transfer of sperm from a male to a female

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25
Q

Intromission

A

Insertion of the penis into the vagina during copulation

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26
Q

Refractory Phase

A

period following copulation during which an individual does not recommence copulation

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27
Q

Coolidge Effect

A

resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner

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28
Q

Sexually Receptive

A

When an individual is willing to copulate.
-Estrus- Female animals are sexually receptive

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29
Q

Postcopulatory Behaviors

A

Species-specific postcopulatory behaviors include rolling (in the cat) and grooming (in the rat).

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30
Q

Gametes

A

A sex cell (sperm or ovum) contains only unpaired chromosomes

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31
Q

Ovum
Zygote

A

The production and release of an egg
The fertilized egg

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32
Q

Lordosis

A

Animals hindquarters are raised and the tail is turned to one side, allowing intromission by the male

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33
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

A

sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression
-crucial for lordosis

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34
Q

Medial Preoptic Area (mPOA)

A

Controls of many behaviors, including sexual behavior, gonadotropin secretion, and thermoregulation
-anterior hypothalamus

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35
Q

mPOA how function

A

-send axons to the ventral midbrain
-To multisynaptic pathway, to the spinal cord, which mediates various genital reflexes

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36
Q

Sex Stages in Humans

A

1) Increasing excitement
2)Plateau
3) Orgasm
4) Resolution

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37
Q

Excitement Phase

A

The phallus—the penis in men, the clitoris in women—becomes engorged with blood, making it erect
-In women, parasympathetic activity changes in vaginal blood vessels, producing lubricating fluids

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38
Q

Plateau Phase

A

-Stimulation of the penis, clitoris, and vagina during rhythmic thrusting accompanying intromission may lead to orgasm

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39
Q

Orgasm Phase

A

-Stimulation of the penis, clitoris, and vagina during rhythmic thrusting accompanying intromission may lead to orgasm

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40
Q

Resolution Phase

A

Women show a much greater variety of commonly observed copulatory sequences. Whereas men have only one basic pattern. Women have at least three typical patterns.
Most men, but not most women, have an absolute refractory phase following orgasm. Many women, on the other hand, can have multiple orgasms in rapid succession.

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41
Q

Emotion

A

subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive cognition, behaviors, and physiological changes.
-heart races, the hands and face become warm, the palms sweat, and the stomach feels queasy

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42
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

A

autonomic nervous system that acts as the fight-or-flight system

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43
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

A

part of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body to relax and recuperate

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44
Q

Sham rage (Decorticate Rage)

A

Intense rage (With snarling and biting in dogs) that lack clear direction.
-cortex had been removed

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45
Q

Limbic System

A

Brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network.
-Implicated in emotions
-Includes the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, the anterior thalamus, the cingulate cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the fornix.

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46
Q

Amygdala

A

nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
-Fear and emotion

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47
Q

Patient SM

A

Woman who is literally fearless due to the loss of the amygdala.
-asked to breathe air with a high concentration of carbon dioxide, she soon felt a panicky fear, flailing her hands about. This result suggests that some other brain system mediates the fear of internal threats, such as a lack of oxygen.

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48
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior that is intended to cause pain or harm to others
-Inhibited by serotonin
-Reduced by enhanced GABA transmission

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49
Q

Dominance

A

confer or protect the individual’s social status

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50
Q

Medial Amygdala

A

portion of the amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal information

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51
Q

Psychopath

A

An individual who routinely engages in deception, violence, or other antisocial behavior with little capacity for empathy or remorse
-Often intelligent with superficial charm
-Poor self-control, a grandiose sense of self-worth
-do not react negatively to violence
-reductions in both the size and activity of the prefrontal cortex

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52
Q

Stress

A

When threat outweighs resources we feel we have

53
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

inner core of the adrenal gland
-secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

54
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

A hormone and a synaptic transmitter

55
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

neurotransmitter active in brain and in SNS

56
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

steroid-secreting outer rind of the adrenal gland

57
Q

Adrenal Corticosteroid Hormones

A

steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex

58
Q

Cortisol

A

glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex

59
Q

Depression

A

Unhappy mood
-7% of Americans
-More common in women (estrogen increases stress hormones and are encouraged to take care of their emotions)
-80% of suicide victims had MDD

60
Q

Depression BIO basis

A

Genetics: 60% MZ twins, 20% in DZ twins; Is independent of environment
-Overactive amygdala and prefrontal cortex
-Underactive anterior cingulate cortex, posterior temporal, and parietal cortex (all involved with attention)
-Smaller and less active hippocampus
-Increased cortisol w/ impaired negative feedback (HPA axis)

61
Q

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure
-Mostly A last-resort
-FAST RELIEF, automatically releasing n/t
-Short term memory loss

62
Q

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

A

magnetic energy are used to stimulate the cortex through the scalp
-Minimal side effects (headaches)

63
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

enzyme that breaks down and inactivates monoamine neurotransmitters
-Prevents DA, ST, and NR breakdown (caused by MAO)
-Watch what you eat!

64
Q

Tricylics

A

Traps more MAO @ synapse
-High abuse liability

65
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and SNRIs

A

blocks the reuptake ST at ST synapse
-INC ST level
-Safer minus suicide risk in younger people
-Bigger and better hippocampus growth

66
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

Correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings
-Best when paired with SSRIs
-Better than SSRI alone

67
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

A

electrical stimulation via electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain

68
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions

69
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods
-enlarged ventricles
-Lithium and CBT

70
Q

Lithium

A

A chemical element that often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder

71
Q

Sex can be

A

-Oral
-Anal
-Hand stuff
-Intercourse
-WHATEVER!
NOT EASY TO DEFINE!!!

72
Q

Motivations for sex

A

Attraction- Quality features (symmetry, health)
Motivation/Appetitive behavior- desire to have sex
Copulation- Receptivity (willing mate) and ability to execute behavior
Post-Copulation- Time, familiarity, reward aspects

73
Q

Hormones

A

chemical secreted by a cell, travels via bloodstream, acting on target tissue

74
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

External release
-Sweat, tears (non-hormonal)

75
Q

Lipophilic hormones

A

travels via cell wall
-estrogen, T

76
Q

Steroid Receptor Types

A

Lipophilic- Nuclear and Membrane
Non-lipophilic- Peptide and Amine

77
Q

Nuclear receptor

A

Dimerize & translates into nucleus (DNA)
-Cross cell wall, stick to receptor, dimerize (come together
-Influence protein production
-SLOW effect

78
Q

Membrane receptor

A

Acts on receptor in cell wall
-Faster effect than nuclear receptor
-Effects other n/t once activated

79
Q

Non-Lipophilic

A

Needs receptor in wall

80
Q

Peptide

A

String of amino acids
-Oxytocin and luteinizing hormones
-No cross BBB

81
Q

Amine

A

Modified single amino acid
-Epinephrine

82
Q

G-protein coupled/ metabotropic

A

Alters cell function
-Produces new proteins

83
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG) 1

A

3-teir axis, coordinates release of hormones
-Process sensory info from cortex
-Process environmental cues and regulate hypothalamus activity

84
Q

HPG 2

A

Hypothalamus releases neuroendocrine cells, releasing gonadotropin hormones (GNRH)

85
Q

HPG 3

A

Pituitary Gland (PG) receives hormone in anterior PG on well wall of gonadotrophs. FSH and LH released.

86
Q

Gonad

A

Testie or ovaries

87
Q

Male Gonadal Hormone

A

Testies
Testosterone (LH), sperm production (FSH) by sticking to their receptors

88
Q

Female Gonadal Hormone

A

Ovulation (egg release) (LH). Maturation of egg (FSH).
Estrogen produced from mature egg. Ruptured follicle produces progesterone
-Estrogen good for reproductive organ maintenance & 2nd sex characteristics

89
Q

No GNRH…

A

No FSH or LH, no egg maturation/ovulation
-Birth control

90
Q

RU486

A

Abortion pill taken during EARLY pregnancy
-Progesterone receptor antagonist (blocker)
-Sheds uteri lining and fetus

91
Q

Inhibin B

A

Male birth control
-Inhibits FSH (sperm production)

92
Q

2nd Sex Characteristics

A

Not related to reproduction, distinguishes sexual maturation
F: Estrogen, breasts, hip widen
M: T, Adam’s apple, deep voice, facial hair

93
Q

Removal of gonads in adulthood

A

Remove T in men, with therapy reactivates

94
Q

Testosterone activates

A

androgen receptors (AR).
-Active AR = Low sexual behavior
-Prostate cancer treatment

95
Q

T to DHT

A

T converts into DHT w/ 5-alpha reductase enzyme
-AR receptors activate
-Effects penis sensitivity/functionability

96
Q

Estrogen in males

A

Estrogen produced via aromatase enzyme
-Estrogen Receptors (ER) activated
-Effects sexual motivation (libido)

97
Q

Hormones on sexual behavior: F

A

Sex is contingent on estrogen & progesterone
-Naturally cycling women = High drive
-Social & environmental factors effect behavior

98
Q

Activation Effects of Hormones Model

A

Change in hormone release
Change in behavior
Change in experience

99
Q

Sexual Behavior Brain Areas: M

A

MPOA- Copulatory behavior & motivation
-Flooded with ER & AR

100
Q

Sexual Behavior Brain Areas: F

A

Ventromedial Nucleus of Hypothalamus (VMH)- Copulatory behavior and motivation
-Many ER
-Enough estrogen for lordosis & male preference

101
Q

Orgasm & Brain areas: M

A

Stimulation by partner/self = INC activity in reward pathway at ejaculation in VTA

102
Q

Orgasm & Brain areas: F

A

Stimulation by partner/self = 30% brain activity higher during orgasm but no center.
-Hippocampus, reward pathway, hypothalamus, & amygdala INC activity during orgasm

103
Q

Sexual Differentiation: Genetics

A

We have 23 pairs of chromosomes, the 23rd is sex chromosomes.
-Males have 1/3 of genetics compared to females
-SRY gene on Y chromosome. SRY makes SRY protein, develops testies.
Chromosome - Gonad - Hormones - Morphological - Behavioral sex

104
Q

Undifferentiated system to reproductive

A

2 duct undifferentiated system
-T associates w/ AR, form Wolffian system
-Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH) degrades Mullerian system
-No MIH, Mullerian forms

105
Q

T to DHT

A

T to DHT via 5-alpha reductase enzyme
-DHT very potent
-Develops external organs, associating w/ AR in undifferentiated tissue
No T, no DHT, no AR stimulation, female organs from (Mullerian is default)

106
Q

Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN)

A

x2 bigger in M from T exposure

107
Q

Sexual orientation: Genetics

A

Homo higher concordance in MZ twins
-Xq28 gene correlated in homo M
-Smaller subnucleus of hypothalamus in M

108
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Too much androgen (enzyme defect)
-Overactive AR (big SDH)
-XX: No testies, enlarged clitoris, fused labia, still fertile
-Usually attracted to women

109
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

-XY
-Non-function AR - no detect DHT or T
-Testies, neither wolffian nor mullerian, infertile, shallow vagina
-Attracted to M

110
Q

Guevadoches (eggs at 12)

A

-XY
-T, testies, AR, wolffian, fertile
-5-alpha reductase deficient = no DHT, seeming female gonads early
-T surge at puberty
-Partial masc. ext. genitals
-Attracted to F

111
Q

Social Aggression

A

Aimed at conned specific to
-Get dominance
-Access to mates

112
Q

Predatory Aggression

A

Need food

113
Q

Sexual Aggression

A

Aggression for engaging in sexual behavior
-Sexual assault

114
Q

Maternal Aggression

A

Protect offspring

115
Q

Self-Aggression

A

Against self
-Self mutilation
-Suicide

116
Q

Aggression

A

Intentional initiation of hostile acts towards someone else
-Social, predatory, maternal, sexual, self
-M = x5 likely to commit murder (Env, culture, social, bio)

117
Q

Predatory/Instrumental (cold) aggression

A

Premeditated, goal, unemotional
-Psychopaths

118
Q

Impulsive/Affective (HOT) aggression

A

When provocative stimulus produces fear/anger

119
Q

Prenatal exposure to synthetic progesterone

A

INC aggression
-F attract to F
-M w/ INC T, INC aggression, drug use, and delinquency (Expectation, drug affects, ect.)

120
Q

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)(Syn. T)

A

Roid rage (Already competitive?)

121
Q

Serotonin and aggression

A

INC ST = DEC aggression
-Those who attempt suicide have low levels of ST metabolic in CSF
-Too many STR in suicide victims

122
Q

Aggression: Brain areas

A

-Cortical areas DEC aggression: No cortex = Sham rage
-VMH stim = Sham rage
-Hypothalamus and Amygdala stim = INC aggression

123
Q

Types of distress

A

Acute- On & off quickly (jump scare)
Chronic- Seemingly never ending (taxes)
Eustress- Good stress, enhances performance

124
Q

Stress response

A

Appraised via sensory and emotional info
Cortex - Amygdala - hypothalamus
-Fast = Fight or flight (Sympathetic NS)
-Epinephrine (adrenaline)- FAST (INC HR, BP, & respiration)
-Slow cortisol response

125
Q

HPA AXIS

A

Corticol Info (sensory/stressor)
↓ Synthesize & release
Hypothalamus
↓ Corticotrophin Release Factor (CRF)(peptide)
Anterior Pituitary Gland
↓ ACTH (peptide)
Adrenals (Feeds back to APG & hypothalamus)
↓ Cortisol (steroid)
Mobilize glucose (energy) stores anti-inflammatory (stress response)
-↓ = Feed forward

126
Q

HPA AXIS Negative feed back

A

Adrenal sends signals to hypothalamus & APG, DEC CRF, ACTH, and cortisol

127
Q

Stress on Hippocampus

A

Chronic stress (too much cortisol) fucks up hippocampus
-INC BP, reproductive health issues, sleep difficulty, ulcers
-DEC immune system, weight regulation
Continual cortisol impacts hippocampus by impairing its function , INC protein breakdown. Impaired –FB cannot shut off cortisol

128
Q

Dexamethasone Suppression Test

A

INC in synth. cortisol
-No MDD = cortisol DEC throughout day
-MDD = INC cortisol throughout day

129
Q

Life style MDD treatment

A

Diet
-DEC in fat/ad libidum diet = DEC MDD behavior
-Calorie restriction benefits
Environment enrichment - Go outside
Excersize
Sexual or ANY intimate behavior

Brain and Behavior 345-201 (3 decks)

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