Unit 3 Flashcards
Psychodynamic perspective
Unconscious motives and impulses are in our personalities and behavior
-Freud
Id
biological instincts
Superego
Control the id’s with the conscience and the ideal self
-Morality
Ego
controls rational thought
-Reality
Erikson’s Ego
push and pull that leads the individual toward a favorable outcome (such as attaining a sense of identity) or an unfavorable outcome (such as not attaining a sense of identity)
Erikson’s stage of Identity Achievement VS Identity/Role Diffusion
Adolescents struggle to define themselves in the face of physical changes associated with puberty, cognitive changes, and particularly role changes where they are expected to find a place for themselves in society
Identity Status Interview
degree of commitment held by the individual to identity issues and the degree of exploration the individual used to arrive at this commitment
Identity Achievement
(strong commitments following a period of exploration)
Balanced thinking, mature in relationships, and thoughtful about life options
Foreclosed
(strong commitments without a period of exploration)
High self-esteem but closed-minded and rigid
Moratorium
(actively exploring different commitments)
Open and curious, positive, and also anxious, depressed, and low in self-esteem
Identity Diffuse
(no strong commitments with or without a period of exploration)
More likely delinquent and drug-related behaviors and having low self-esteem
Authentic Road
Exploration and open to change
Triumphant Trail
Overcomes challenges
Straight and Narrow Pathway
Avoids life changes
Meandering Way
Fails to settle on a life course
Downward Slope
Self-defeating life decisions
Types of Defense Mechanisms
Mature
Intermediate
Immature
Mature Defense Mechanisms
Sublimation
Suppression
Anticipation
Altruism
Humor
Intermediate (neurotic) Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
Repression
Reaction Formation
Immature Defense Mechanisms
Projection
Passive-aggression
Acting out
Denial
Adult Attachment Theory
Early bond between infant and caregiver set the stage for later relationships
Attachment Styles
Mental representation for relationships
-Forms a model of the self
Secure Attachment Style
Confident about self and that others will treat them well
Anxious Attachment Style
Imagines partner abandonment
Avoident Attachment style
Afraid of abandonment enough not to form relationships
Trait
stable, enduring mind characteristics that persists over time
Trait Perspective
Traits guide behavior
Five-Factor Model (FFM)
Putting personality traits into a set of 5 categories
OCEAN
O- Openness
C- Conscientiousness
E- Extraversion
A- Agreeableness
N- Neuroticism
Correspondance Principal
Life event cause and effect our personality
Type A behavior Pattern
highly competitive, being impatient, feeling a strong sense of time urgency, and being highly achievement-oriented
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
people structure the nature and range of their relationships to maximize gains and minimize risks. (looking positively at a negative situation)
Informational Function of Interpersonal Relationships
provide you with important knowledge that you would not otherwise have
Emotional Function of Interpersonal Relationships
contribute to your sense of well-being
-As people grow older, they become more focused on the emotional functions of relationships and less interested in the informational function.
Cognitive Persepctive
We are driven by the desire to predict and control our experiences
Possible Selves Theory
view of the self/ self-schema guides the choice and pursuit of future endeavors
Coping
The actions people take to reduce stress
-Emotional-Focused
-Problem-Focused
Problem-Focused Coping
We attempt to reduce their stress by changing something about the situation
Emotion-Focused Coping
We attempt to reduce their stress by changing the ways we think about the situation
Resiliance
Able to recover from stress
Identity Process Theory
The goal of development is optimal adaptation to the environment through establishing a balance between identity assimilation and identity accommodation
Midlife Crisis
Period of self-scrutiny and re-evaluation of goals triggered by entering the age 30-60 (midlife)
-encounters some form of failure
Life Structure
Individual’s life pattern
-involvement in family, work, leisure, friendships, and religion and takes into account your ethnicity
-Influenced by your conscious and unconscious sense of self and the social and cultural environment
Stages of Midlife Crisis
1) Overcoming disillusionment due to failure to achieve the dreams of youth that inevitably cannot be fully realized
-must establish new realistic aspirations
2) Deciding how to pursue the life structure during middle adulthood
-Questions marriage, comes to grips with the maturing of adolescent children, handles promotions or demotions at work, and reflects on the state of the nation and the world.
-establish mentoring relationships with younger persons so that he may pass along the torch of what was handed to him during his early adulthood
3) Resolve the polarities of personality involving masculinity and femininity, feelings about life and death, and the needs for both autonomy and dependence on others
Redemptive Self
being generative, benefiting your own development as well as the people you are helping
Quiet VS Noisy Ego
Noisy: focus on their own self-interest
Quiet: hear what others need and help without thought or concern of how these actions will benefit them
Abnormal Behavior
feeling personal or subjective distress
being impaired in everyday life
causing risk to self or others
engaging in unacceptable behavior
Psychological Disorders
Abnormal experiences and behavior, adaptational difficulty for the individual on a daily basis, and individual and others at risk
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
extremely sad mood that for at least 2 weeks and is atypical of the individual’s usual mood
-appetite and sleep disturbances, feelings of guilt, difficulty concentrating, and a low sense of self-worth
-Dysphoria
Bipolar Disorder
one or more manic episodes during which they feel elated, grandiose, expansive, and highly energetic
-may or may not have experienced a period of significant depression along with being manic for at least a week (bipolar I)
-Depression and at least one “hypomanic” episode, in which their manic symptoms lasted for less than a week (bipolar II)
Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety, a sense of dread about what might happen in the future
-Usually go to great lengths to avoid anxiety-provoking situations, having difficulty performing their jobs, enjoying their leisure pursuits, or engaging in social activities with their friends and families
-May be comorbid with panic attacks, MDD, and agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An overall sense of uneasiness and concern without specific focus, very prone to worrying, especially over minor problems.
-feeling restless and tense, having trouble concentrating, being irritable, and having difficulty sleeping
Panic Disorder
Panic attacks in which people have the physical sensation that they are about to die/having a heaqrt attack.
-shortness of breath, pounding heart, and sweating palms
Agoraphobia
Fear of being trapped or stranded during a panic attack in a public place
Specific Phobias
Animals
Natural environment (storms, heights, and fires)
Blood-injection-injury (seeing blood, having an invasive medical procedure)
Engaging in activities in particular situations (driving, flying, and being in an enclosed space)
Miscellaneous stimuli or situations, such as a child’s fear of clowns or an adult’s fear of contracting a particular illness
Social Anxiety Disorder
Extreme anxiety about being watched by other people
-Fear of being publicly embarrassed or made to look foolish.
-May be anxious at the thought of eating in the presence of other people
OCD
Unrelenting, irrational, and distracting obsessions, or repetitive thoughts and compulsions, or repetitive behaviors
Hoarding
People collect and store seemingly useless items that they cannot discard.
Trauma and Stress Related Disorders
Exposure to a traumatic event leading to symptoms even after the event is over
-Intrusion of distressing reminders of the event
-Dissociative symptoms such as feeling numb or detached from others
-Avoidance of situations that might serve as reminders of the event
-Hyperarousal, including sleep disturbances or irritability
Acute Stress Disorder
Symptoms persist for up to a month after a trauma
-Intrusion of distressing reminders of an event
-Dissociative symptoms, such as feeling numb or detached from others
-Avoidance of situations that might serve as reminders of the event
-Hyperarousal, including sleep disturbances or irritability
PTSD
Symptoms persist for more than a month after a trauma
-Intrusion of distressing reminders of an event
-Dissociative symptoms, such as feeling numb or detached from others
-Avoidance of situations that might serve as reminders of the event
-Hyperarousal, including sleep disturbances or irritability
Late-Onset Stress Symptomology (LOSS)
Aging veterans who were exposed to stressful combat situations in young adulthood.
-Symptoms related to the combat experiences (such as an increase in memories about the trauma) begin to emerge in later life, perhaps as a function of exposure to stresses associated with aging, such as retirement and increased health problems.
-Too low levels to be PTSD
Schizophrenia
A distorted perception of reality and impairment in thinking, behavior, affect, and motivation
-delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (false perceptions), disorganized and incoherent speech, very abnormal motor behavior, and what are called the “negative” symptoms of apathy, withdrawal, and lack of emotional expression.
-6 months or more, no other explainable diagnosis
Late-Onset Schizophrenia
A form of schizophrenia that was thought to originate in adults over the age of 45 years.
-Sensory deficits, some forms of neurocognitive disorder, social isolation, and substance abuse
Drugs and older adults
-Most drug use is by teens and those in early 20s, but may be changing with the legalization of medical marijuana
-risks of alcohol abuse among older adults range from cirrhosis of the liver (a terminal condition) to heightened rate of injury through hip fractures and motor vehicle accidents.
-Older drinkers are at increased risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, osteoporosis, and mood disorders
-Alcohol also interacts badly with common medications
-Older kidneys=Less functioning
-Long-term alcohol use may also lead to changes in the frontal lobes and cerebellum, exacerbating the effects of normal aging on cognitive and motor functioning. Severe cases, neurocognitive disorders can develop, leading to permanent memory loss and early death
Personality Disorder
A long-standing pattern of inner experience and behavior that has maladaptive qualities
Psychopathology
A set of traits that include a lack of remorse and an impulsive lifestyle
-Factor 1: disturbances in the capacity to experience emotions such as empathy, guilt, and remorse
-Factor 2: unstable and impulsive behaviors that contribute to the socially deviant lifestyle
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Extreme instability in sense of self and relationships with others, sexual impulsivity, fear of abandonment, and difficulties controlling their emotions
-High levels of neuroticism
-Creates stressful events in own life
-“Mature” BDP- being perfectionistic, cold and distant, and distrustful of others become more symptomatic over time
Elder Abuse
Actions taken directly against older adults that inflict physical or psychological harm
-physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, financial exploitation, and neglect
Suicide Signs
-Depression and other psychological disorders
-Prior attempts
-Family history of psychological disorders &/or drug abuse
-Family violence, abuse (physical or sexual usually)
-Firearms in the home
-Incarceration
-Exposure to other’s suicidal behavior
Risks of suicide
-physical illness, particularly when an individual suffers from several major diseases such as cancer, heart disease, COPD, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and liver disease and limitations in functioning, chronic pain, and deficits in cognitive functioning
-Social isolation and stressful life events
Psychological Assessment
evaluation of an individual’s cognitive, personality, and psychosocial functioning
-Client comfy and relaxed, able to ask questions
-look for changes in sensory abilities, motor functions, and cognitive processes
Clinical Interview
Series of questions that clinicians administer in face-to-face interaction with clients
Mental status examination
Assessment of appearance, attitudes, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought processes, content of thought, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment
Orientation
Reflects whether examinees know where they are (orientation to place), what time it is (orientation to time), and who they are (orientation to person)
ECT
A method of treatment for depression in which an electric current is applied through electrodes attached across the head.
Effective when no other treatment has proven to alleviate an older adult’s depression, ECT carries the risk of short-term memory loss
Type D personality
people with high levels of anxiety, loneliness, and depression who try to suppress their feelings
Marriage
a legally sanctioned union between two adults
Cohabition
living in a stable relationship prior to or instead of marrying
Living Apart Together
Unmarried older adults in an intimate relationship who do not wish to share a residence.
-may be prompted by concerns about finances, a preference to remain in their separate households, or a lack of interest in emotional commitment
Cohabitation Effect
the greater likelihood of divorce among couples who cohabitate before becoming engaged
Same Sex Couples
-Marriage of same-sex couples first legalized in the United States by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 2004 and in 2013 at the federal level
-58% are married. Of the 2-3.7 million children being raised by a parent identifying as LGBTQ, 200,000 are being raised by same-sex couples.
-both women and men in same-sex couples experience less strain on a daily basis but showed higher rates of dissolution among female–female couples
-People who believe that they are the targets of such discrimination are more likely to experience depression, especially if they cannot depend on their partners to help them cope with their feelings of stress
Divorce Proneness
Tendency for people to contemplate divorce when their marriage is in trouble.
-High in divorce proneness may have a long history of difficulties in the area of intimacy
Widowhood
Death of a spouse is, usually regarded as one of the most stressful events of life, and for many involves the loss of a relationship 50 years or more
-More likely to be living at low income levels
-diminishes over time
-Risk for anxiety disorders
Widowhood Effect
Greater probability of death in widows compared to those who are married.
-depression, psychosocial stress, chronic economic hardship, and loss of social support and environmental resources
Socioemotional Selectivity
Older adults become more satisfied with their long-term partners as their awareness increases of the limited time they have left together with each passing year
-Positive sentiment override- keep sight of the positive aspects of their relationships even when they have disagreements
-Better able to control emotions
Equity Theory
partners are satisfied in a relationship if they feel they are getting what they deserve
-Relationship quality will erode if the amount one partner puts in does not match what the other partner contributes
-Partner constantly trying to match
Similarity Hypothesis
Similarity of personality and values predicts initial interpersonal attraction and satisfaction within long-term relationships
-Possibly construed into thinking partner is so similar, they may not be (because of being in love)
-positive illusions about the spouse’s personality contribute to marital quality
Need Complementarity Hypothesis
Theory that opposites attract. Couples compliment each other, making a better team
Behavioral Approach to Marital Interactions
Behavior towards each other influences marriage stability and quality
-Positive behavior = better relationship
-Turning away or against partner when they try to make connection = conflict increase
Suffocation Model of Marriage
More emphasis on marriage as a source of self-expression and fulfillment, but have less time to devote to maintaining their marriages than ever before
-The higher a couple attempts to move up the hierarchy of needs (from security to self-actualization), the more frustrated they will become with the quality of their relationship
Enduring Dynamics Pathway
how a couple interacts early in their relationship effects the course of the relationship over time
Emergent Distress Pathway
relationship problems develop over time
-Instead of resolving their problems with adaptive tactics such as communicating openly and working out compromises, they become defensive, withdraw, stonewall, and become blatantly vicious toward each other
Disillusionment Pathway
couple starts out happy but gradually falls out of love
-They take each other for granted.
-They become less and less interested in seeking their partner’s love and approval than they were at the beginning, and as the patina fades, they drift further and further apart.
-They find themselves arguing constantly or just losing interest
Transition To Parenthood (TtP)
period of adjustment to the new family status represented by the presence of a child in the home
-biological changes (when the mother bears the child) as her body adapts to rapid hormonal and other physiological alterations
-Both parents experience psychological changes including the emotional highs and lows associated with this new status
-each individual’s identity shifts as the parents begin to incorporate their new status in life into their sense of self
-Social changes due to this new role that alter their status with other family members and the community
Doing Gender
Tendency of women and men to behave in stereotypically gendered ways
-Especially after having a baby
-can place strain on the relationship
-same sex couples, those who experience homophobia, live in states with unfavorable legal climates regarding adoption by gays, and receive less support from their friends and families are more likely to feel depressed and anxious
Role of being a father
-First time fathers tend to become more interactive with their own parents/family and with service-oriented groups and churches
-Mother of child’s perception of the father effects the way he sees himself
-The extent to which a single father is able to adjust to the role of solo parent is affected by the characteristics of the children, including their age and gender, and his own characteristics, including his age and educational level
-single fathers spend less time caring for their children than do single mothers but more than do married fathers
Blended families
Reconstituted families, family situations where at least one adult is living with a child who is not a biological child of that adult
-Often, these family situations develop after a divorce and remarriage (or cohabitation), in which two adults establish a household together
Empty Nest
period in a couple’s life that occurs when their children permanently depart from the home
-Child leaving home seen as success in preparing them for adulthood
-Couples have the opportunity to enjoy more leisure-time activities together, a change that should bring them closer together, often leading to greater marital satisfaction and also improved sexual relations
Empty Nest Syndrome
Challenges proposed by having an empty nest
-More common in mothers
-Cultures that emphasize parent-child relationship are more likely to experience ENS
-Feels like losing control over child
-Worries about child’s safety and well being
Filial Maturity
Children reach the age of relating to their parents as equals
Filial Anxiety
Fear of having to take care of an aging, infirmed parent
Filial obligation/ piety
adult children are expected to care for their parents, meaning that they feel committed to taking care of their parents should this become necessary
Intergenerational solidarity model (ISM)
the six relevant dimensions of families that span at least two generations
-Associational (frequency of interaction)
-Affectual (feelings)
-Consensual (agreement in values, beliefs, and lifestyles)
-Functional (help exchange)
-Normative (commitment to fulfill family obligations)
-Structural (availability in terms of distance and health)
Structural Ambivalence
Society’s structures do not make clear how family members should behave
Intergenerational stake hypothesis
Parents are higher in affectual solidarity toward their children than children are toward their parents
Developmental Schism
gap between the two generations in how much they value the relationship and whether they wish to be independent
-Mother highly regards daughter who doesn’t feel the same way towards mother
-Daughter tries and feels like she fails to meet mother’s expectations
Role reversal
Adult children take over in the role as parent because the parents are unable to care for themselves
Contingency Theory
Parents help their children because they think they need it
Sandwich Generation
Midlife caregivers are sandwiched between their aging parents and their teenaged children
Helicopter Parents
Parents who are seen as smothering and overprotecting their overly dependent children
Skip Generation Family
Family living situation in which children live with their grandparents and not their parents
-may occur when there is substance abuse by parents; child abuse or neglect by parents; teenage pregnancy or failure of parents to handle children; and parental unemployment, divorce, AIDS, or incarceration
Formal Grandparent
Follows what are believed to be the appropriate guidelines for the grandparenting role.
-provide occasional services and maintain an interest in the grandchild but do not become overly involved
Fun Seeker Grandparent
Prefers the leisure aspects of the role and primarily provides entertainment for the grandchild
Surrogate Grandparent
Takes over the caretaking role with the child
Reservoir of Family Wisdom Grandparent
Usually a grandfather, is the head of the family, who dispenses advice and resources but also controls the parent generation
Distant Figure Grandparent
he or she has infrequent contact with the grandchildren, appearing only on holidays and special occasions
Dyadic Withdrawal
Reducing the individual friendships of the couple and increasing the joint friendships
Peripheral Ties
Friendships that are not characterized by a high degree of closeness
-Neighbors, coworkers, professional contacts, gym buddies, friends of friends, or the parents of one’s children’s friends
-Someone who isn’t in the formal friend stage yet
-Someone who once was in the formal stage
Independent Friendship
Enjoy friendly, satisfying, and cordial relationships with people but never form close or intimate friendships
Discerning Individual
Extremely selective in their choice of friends, retaining a small number of very close friends throughout their lives
Acquisitive Friendship
readily able to make and retain close friendships throughout their lives and therefore have a large social network
Labor Force
All civilians in the over-16 population who live outside of institutions and have sought or are actively seeking employment.
Gender Gap
A proportion of women’s to men’s salaries.
-explained in part by women’s lower representation in higher occupational groupings
Vocation
A person’s choice of an occupation
Career
Unique connection between individuals and social organizations over time. Shapes by:
-Personal development
-Specific organization for which the person works
-The profession or occupational category that describes the individual’s occupation
Holland’s Vocational Development (RIASEC) Theory
People express their personalities in their vocational aspirations and interests
-Realistic (R)
-Investigative (I)
-Artistic (A)
-Social (S)
-Enterprising (E)
-Conventional (C)
Congruence
One’s vocational type matches one’s occupational environment
-Higher vocational satisfaction
Super’s life-span life-stage theory
People attempt to realize their inner potential through their career choices
Life style factors
Lifestyle Factors:
-Environmental determinants (e.g., labor market)
-Situational determinants (e.g., period of history)
-Personal determinants (biological and psychological)
Exploration Career Development Stage
(Teens-mid 20s)- people explore career and select a vocation that they will feel to express their self-concept
Establishment Career Development Stage
(20s-30s)- people are focused on achieving stability and attempt to remain within the same occupation
-seek to move up the career ladder to managerial positions and higher
Plateau Career Development Stage
Static period of vocational development
-Structural plateauing, in which they do not advance up to higher-level positions
-Content plateauing, in which they feel that they have mastered their work and no longer see it as a challenge
Maintenance Career Development Stage
(30s-50s)- people attempt to hold onto their positions rather than to seek further advancement
Recycling Career Development Stage
Workers change their main field of career activity part way into occupational life
-middle-aged workers may find themselves once again in the establishment stage they thought they had left behind in their late 20s
Disengagement Career Development Stage
(50+)Workers begin to prepare for retirement, perhaps spending more time in their leisure pursuits
Calling
Choice of occupation based on a combination of factors related to career development, job satisfaction, well-being, and personal growth. Ability to achieve:
-person–environment congruence, career commitment, and sense of meaning in work
Boundaryless Career
a career that crosses the boundaries of an employer or organization; people with this mindset seek opportunities for development in their jobs
-Benefitting from coworkers rather than competing with them
Protean Career
career in which individuals are both self-directed and driven internally by their own values
-individual seeks personal growth through self-reflection and self-learning
Vocational Satisfaction
How much someone enjoys their job
Intrinsic factors in vocational satisfaction
the tasks required to perform the work itself
-Not the same in another job
-Engage self into job
-express autonomy and self-direction in the daily running of your job
-Could be a calling
Extrinsic factors in vocational satisfaction
Features that accompany the job but are not central to its performance
-Salary
-comfort of the environment, demands for travel, convenience of work hours, friendliness of coworkers, amount of status associated with the job, and adequacy of the company’s supervision and employment policies
Self-determination Theory
The amount of control that workers have over their jobs influences vocational satisfaction
Motivation crowding out
workers who feel that they cannot fulfill their intrinsic needs because their motivation is controlled entirely by extrinsic factors
Affective Events Theory
Events at work lead to affective reactions; these in turn influence attitudes toward work and performance
Person–environment correspondence theory
people are most satisfied when their workplaces respond to their needs
Occupational reinforcement patterns (ORPs)
work values and needs likely to be reinforced or satisfied by a particular occupation
-Achievement: using one’s abilities and feeling a sense of accomplishment
-Altruism: being of service to others
-Autonomy: having a sense of control
-Comfort: not feeling stressed
-Safety: stability, order, and predictability
-Status: being recognized and serving in a dominant position
Now achievement, working conditions, recognition, relationships, support, and independence
Emotional Labor
the requirement of service-oriented jobs in which workers must smile and maintain a friendly attitude regardless of their own personal feelings or emotions
Workplace bullying
Individuals are exposed over a lengthy period to negative interpersonal acts on the job which they cannot cope with or control.
-Social isolation, direct harassment, intimidating behavior, work-related criticism, and physical violence
Work–family enrichment model
experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other
Job Tenure
The length of time a person has spent in the job
Retirement
The withdrawal of an individual in later life from the labor force
Crisp Retirement Pattern
Retirement when workers leave the workplace in a single, unreversed, low to moderate exit
Blurred retirement pattern
Retirement when workers exit and reenter the workplace several times
Bridge Retirement
Retirees work in a completely different occupation than they had during most of their adult life
-Usually because of financial need
Social Security Act
Federal legislation that guarantees income for retirees and others who are unable to work as well as a lump sum in death benefits for survivors.
-Divided into Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Disability Insurance (DI)
Old Age and Survivors Disability Insurance (OASDI)
combines Old-Age Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance
Role theory of retirement
retirement has deleterious effects because the loss of the work role loosens the ties between the individual and society
Continuity theory of retirement
Retired individuals maintain the ties they had to society when they were working
Life course perspective on retirement
Changes in the work role in later life are best seen as logical outgrowths of earlier life events
Resource Model
An individual’s adjustment to retirement reflects his or her physical, cognitive, motivational, financial, social, and emotional resources; the more resources, the more favorable will be the individual’s adjustment at any one point through the retirement transition.
New modes of retirement
characteristics of the person’s spouse and lifelong family responsibilities play a role in retirement decisions and adjustment
Leisure Pursuits in Later Adulthood
Contribute to a sense of identity
Provide focus and meaning in life
Maintain help and cognitive function
Enable social connections to others
