Unit 3

Question 1

Civil Society

Answer 1

Voluntary associations independent from the state, including local religious and neighborhood organizations, news media, businesses and professional associations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Question 2

Nongovernmental organizations

Answer 2

Civil society groups that provide services governments can also provide such as volunteer fire departments to groups that provide advocacy for foster children

Question 3

Political culture

Answer 3

The collective attitudes, values, and beliefs of the citizenry and the norms of behavior in the political system

Question 4

Policial socialization

Answer 4

The lifelong process of acquiring one’s beliefs, values, and orientations toward the political system

Question 5

Policial ideology

Answer 5

Is a set of values and beliefs about the goals of government, public policy, or politics

Question 6

Individualism

Answer 6

Belief in individual civil liberties and freedom over governmental restrictions

Question 7

Neoliberalism

Answer 7

Referring to the removal of barriers and restrictions on what internal/external economic actors can do; beliefs in limited governmental intervention in the economy; privatization of government controlled industries, free trade to lower tariffs on imported goods, deregulation of governmental controls on businesses, and the elimination of state subsides for industries

Question 8

Communism

Answer 8

Belief in the abolition of private property with near total governmental control of the economy

Question 9

Socialism

Answer 9

Belief in the reduction of income disparities and the nationalization of major private industries

Question 10

Fascism

Answer 10

Extreme nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and rights of the ethnic majority over that of the ethnic minorities and the political opposition

Question 11

Populism

Answer 11

Political philosophy that supports the interests and rights of the common people over that of the elites

Question 12

Liberal Democracy

Answer 12

Or authoritarianism of states include the extent of state adherence to rule of law; the degree of governmental influence on or control of the media; degree and practice of free and fair elections; degree of transparency of governmental decision making; the degree of political participation by citizens; and the degree of independence of governmental branches

Question 13

Power

Answer 13

Ability of the state to influence the conduct of individuals and organizations within the state

Question 14

Authority

Answer 14

State’s legitimate right to enforce a power

Question 15

Rule of law

Answer 15

The principle that a state should be governed by known laws and not arbitrary decisions made by individual government officials

Question 16

Civil Rights

Answer 16

The protection of groups of citizens from discrimination by the government or other individuals

Question 17

Political Rights

Answer 17

The protection of citizens’ ability to run for office in free, fair, and competitive elections

Question 18

Civil Liberties

Answer 18

An individual’s protection against abuse of powers by the government

Question 19

Welfare state

Answer 19

A government that takes responsibility for providing key social services such as healthcare, education, housing, and retirement benefits

Question 20

Post-materialism

Answer 20

Social values of self-expression and quality of life issues such as environmental issues and social and economic equality such as LGBTQIA rights and abortion rights

Question 21

Policial participation

Answer 21

Ways citizens can attempt to shape government policy

Question 22

Formal policial participation

Answer 22

Government controlled methods of individuals voicing political opinions that are regulated by set laws such as casting a ballot in a government election

Question 23

Informal political participation

Answer 23

Voluntary individual actions intended to shape governmental policies with less regulation by the government such as protests and political criticism expressed through social media

Question 24

Referenda

Answer 24

Allow citizens to vote directly on policy questions as exemplified by the UK’s 2016 national vote about whether citizens preferred leaving or remaining in the EU Union

Question 25

Competitive authoritarian regime (Illiberal democracies and hybrid regimes)

Answer 25

Hold elections with little competition toward the ruling party and that tend to have diminished civil liberties

Question 26

Policial stability

Answer 26

The ability of a government to consistently provide services that meet the basic needs of most of the population to foster the public’s confidence in the institutions of the state

Question 27

Cleavages

Answer 27

Internal divisions that structure societies and may be based on class, ethnicity, religion, or territory

Question 28

Separatist movement

Answer 28

When a group’s actions to gain greater autonomy from a government diminishes the sovereignty of that government

Question 29

Brute repression

Answer 29

Use of coercive force by the government to suppress actions the government opposes