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AICE Environmental Science > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between different species

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2
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition a among members of the same species

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3
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

• If in two species are in direct competition with each other, one must win outright, adapt by resource partitioning or character displacement, migrate, or die out
• Also called Gause’s law

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4
Q

Resource partitioning

A

The evolution of specialized traits by different species to reduce competition between species for similar scarce resources

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5
Q

Predation

A

A member of one species (predator) feeds on all or part of another species (prey)

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6
Q

Coevolution

A

The natural selection process in which changes in the gene pool of one species leads to changes in the gene pool of another species

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7
Q

Parasitism

A

A species interaction in which one species (the parasite) lives in or on and preys on another species (the host)

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8
Q

Mutualism

A

A species interaction in which both species benefit

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9
Q

Commensalism

A

A species interaction in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected

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10
Q

Symbiosis

A

A mutually beneficial relationship between two species

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11
Q

Population

A

A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species

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12
Q

Limiting factors

A

• A factor that limits the growth of a population
• Also called environmental resistence

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13
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum number of individuals that an environment can sustain for an indefinite time

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14
Q

R-selected species

A

• A species with a high capacity for growth
• Gives birth to many offspring which mostly die in early early life
• Also called r-strategists

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15
Q

K-selected species

A

• A species with a low capacity for population growth
• Gives birth to few offspring and care for them, many reach adulthood
• Also called k-strategists

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16
Q

Survivorship curve

A

• Illustrates different life expectancies of species by showing percentages of members of different ages
• Three types: late loss (k-strategists), early loss (r-strategists), constant loss (constant death rate at all ages)

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17
Q

Cultural carrying capacity

A

The maximum number of people who could live in a reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generations

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18
Q

Crude birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year

19
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of death per 1000 people in a population in a given year

20
Q

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

A

The average number of children born to women of childbearing age in a population

21
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of babies out of every 1000 born who die before their first birthday

22
Q

Migration

A

The movement of people into (immigration) and out of (emigration) specific geographic areas

23
Q

Age structure

A

The distribution of individuals among various age groups in a population

24
Q

Demographic transition

A

• The theory that as a country industrializes and population grows, the crude birth and crude death rate decrease, slowing population growth
• Takes place in four stages: preindustrial, transitional, industrial, postindustrial

25
Q

Habitat

A

A general physical place of residence in an environment

26
Q

Niche

A

The functional role of an organism in a community

27
Q

Ecological equivilants

A

• Two species from different taxonomic categories that have comparable niches and habitats in different places
• The outcome of convergent evolution
• The Australian Tasmanian wolf and the Ethiopian lion are ecological equivalents because they are both running carnivorous mammals (the same niche)

28
Q

Size of an population

A

• Increases with births and immigration
• Decreases with deaths and emigration

29
Q

Estimation methods for population size

A

• Extrapolation based in a few points
• Mark, release, recapture (used for hard to count, mobile organisms)
• Mark, release, recapture uses the Lincoln-Peterson index

30
Q

Population density

A

Low density populations are territorial or widely dispersed species (may be apex predators) and high density populations are social species or overpopulated

31
Q

Population dispersion

A

Three kinds: uniform, clumped, and random dispersion

32
Q

Age structure

A

The distribution of individuals
among various age groups in a
population

33
Q

Factors that effect population growth

A

• Age at which reproduction begins
• Number of offspring per reproduction
• How often reproduction occurs (semelparous or iteroparous)
• Reproductive timespan
• Changes of survival until age of reproduction
• Immigration and emigration

34
Q

Semelparous

A

Reproduction occurs only once in a lifetime

35
Q

Iteroparous

A

Reproduction occurs 2+ times in a lifetime

36
Q

Biotic potential

A

The maximum number of organisms that can live in an environment

37
Q

Density independent factors

A
  • Not related to concentration of organisms
  • Organisms have no control over them
  • Will affect over or under populated populations
  • Inclement weather, man-made disasters, natural disasters
38
Q

Density dependent factors

A
  • Effects depend on abundance of the population
  • These are evolutionary in nature
  • Resources, predators, competition, invasive species
39
Q

Predator strategies

A

Speed, agility, venom and weapons, trapping and attracting

40
Q

Prey countermeasures

A
  • Constant vigilance, bluff
  • Physical defenses (porcupine spines, cactus spines)
  • Chemical deterrents (bombardier beetles spray acid)
  • Speed and agility
  • Camouflage or cryptic coloration (leaf bugs, orchid mantis)
  • Aposematic (warning) coloration (bright reds, yellows, etc.)
  • Startle coloration (butterflies with eye patterns)
41
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Once species is poisonous and the other is harmless (monarch and viceroy)

42
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Both species are dangerous and enforce each others’ threat to predators (most wasps and yellow-black striped insects)

43
Q

Invasive species

A
  • Any species that is not native to a given area
  • Compete with native animals over the same niche
  • May not have natural predators
  • Zebra mussels, Anacondas

AICE Environmental Science (7 decks)

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