Unit 3 Flashcards
All living things are composed of
One or more cells
What work did Robert Hooke come up with
cell
How did the word “cell” get its name
Hooke looked at a piece of cork under a microscope and it looked like thousands of tiny, empty chambers or tiny rooms which he lived in the monastery
Cells are not tiny chambers but
Living matter
Anton van Leeuwenhoek made what
Simple microscopes that magnified 10x greater than what was used by Hooke
What did Leeuwenhoek discover
Microorganisms in a drop of water
What was Leeuwenhoek first to do
See and describe microorganisms
Matthias Schleiden was
A German Botanist who concluded that all plant tissues were composed of cells
Theodore Schwann was
A German Zoologist who concluded that all animals were composed of cells
Rudolf Virchow noted that cells could only arise form
Preexisting cells
Cell theory
A. All living things are made of cells
B. Calls are the basic units of structure and function in living things
C. New cells are produced from preexisting cells
What are all organisms composed of
Organized parts
Living organisms
Obtain energy from their surroundings
What are 2 ways that living organisms obtain energy from their surroundings
Heterotrophs and autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Cannot make their own food so they get it by consuming other animals (all animals and fungi)
Autotrophs
Make their own food and are not dependent on outside sources for their food (all green plants, some protists, and some bacteria)
All living organisms
Perform chemical reactions, change over time and evolve, respond to their environment, reproduce, share a common history, and maintain a stable internal environment in a process called homeostasis
Homeostasis
Process by which all living organisms maintain a stable internal environment
Ingestion
The taking in or food and water
Digestion
Breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell
Cyclosis
The movement of materials inside a cell
Respiration
Breaking down glucose into simpler substances and releasing the stored energy in a form the cell can use
Biosynthesis
Using the energy from foods to form new cell parts, as in growth and repair
Excretion
The removal of liquid waste from a cell
Egestion
The removal of solid waste from a cell
Movement is a function an individual cell needs to be able to carry out
Reproduction
May be sexual or asexual
Irritability
Responding to a stimulus
Secretions
A substance made in one place, but used in another place
The animal cell contains
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Cytoplasm
Nucleus (nuclear membrane)
Rough e do plastic reticulum
Ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Vacuole
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
A. Separates the internal chemical reactions of the cell from the external environment
B. Separates one animal cell from the next
C. Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell by allowing only certain molecules to enter and leave
D. made mostly of lipids and proteins
The nucleus is the
Control center of the cell
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Chromatin/ chromosomes
Nucleus
Nucleus pores
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
What is the nucleus filled with
Nucleoplasm which is a jelly like liquid similar to the cell’s cytoplasm that hole the contents of the nucleus
What does the nucleus contain
DNA which contains the coded instructions for the genetic makeup of future cells as well as instructions for making proteins and other important molecules for the daily functioning of the cell
What is the nucleus surrounded by
The nuclear membrane is a double membrane that its dotted with thousands of pores that allow materials to move into and out of the nucleus where DNA is transported into RNA.
What does RNA carry
RNA carries protein-building instructions to the ribosomes. RNA travels to the cytoplasm through the numerous pores in the nuclear membrane
Chromatin
When the cell is not dividing and the DNA is in a thread like material
Chromosomes
When the cell is actively diving and the chromatin condenses
The nucleus manufactures
Subunits that makes up ribosomes
2 types of subunits
Large and small subunits
What do subunits do
They pass through the pores of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they combine to form ribosomes
The nucleus is the
Carrier of genetic information
Chromosomes are composed of
The gene which determine traits in living organisms
The nucleus controls the
Reproduction of the cell
The nucleus directs protein synthesis by
Sending messages out to the ribosomes
Ribosomes can be found
Free floating in the cytoplasm or may be found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes are the most what in a cell’s organelles
Numerous
Ribosomes are not membrane bound organelles and are composed of
Protein and RNA
What are all proteins of the cell made by
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the site of
Protein synthesis
What is the endoplasmic reticulum known as
The internal membrane system of the cell
The endoplasmic reticulum accounts for more than half the total membrane in a cell because of
The membranes of the system being so extensive
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as
“Intracellular highway” that provides a path along which molecules move form one part of the cell to another
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum covered with
Attached ribosomes
a rough endoplasmic reticulum covered with attached ribosomes is involved in the making of
Proteins while newly made proteins leave the ribosome and are inserted into spaces of the endoplasmic reticulum where they are modifies and shaped into functioning proteins
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lack
Ribosomes
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
To make lipids that will be used in membranes
Where are proteins produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum transferred to
The Golgi apparatus
What does the Golgi apparatus look like
A stack of loosely connected membranes
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus
To modify, sort, sort and package the proteins that have arrived from the endoplasmic reticulum
What happens to the proteins modified by the Golgi apparatus
These proteins will either be stored inside the cell or be secreted to the outside of the cell
The Golgi apparatus completes the modification on proteins before they are
Shipped off to their final destination
What are vesicles
Spherical shaped that are surrounded by a single membrane
How are vesicles classified
According to their contents
Types of vesicles
Transport vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
proteins are assembled by
Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Vesicles transport proteins to the
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus completes modifications on
Proteins
Functional proteins are packaged in
Vesicles and leave the Golgi apparatus
Vesicles souse with the cell membrane to release
The newly formed proteins to the outside of the cell
Where do vesicle containing enzymes remain
Inside the cell as lysosomes
Where do lysosomes come from
The golgi apparatus and are filled with very strong digestive system
Digestive enzymes are used to break down
Large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into smaller molecules.
The enzymes recycle the cells own organic materials, breaking them down into their building blocks, and returning them to the
Cytoplasm to be used again
What are lysosomes responsible for
Destroying old organelles that can no longer carry out their function
What do lysosomes do to help the cell
They help “clean up” or destroy any debris that might build up inside the cell
Why are lysosomes ur rounded by a thick membrane
To keep the enzymes from releasing from the cell or else the cell would be destroyed
What do peroxisomes contain that are not produced by the Golgi apparatus
Different enzymes
Peroxisomes break down
Alcohols and kill bacteria, producing hydrogen peroxide as a result which peroxisomes convert to water and glucose because hydrogen peroxide is toxic to cells
Peroxides also breaks down fatty acids which
Can be used by mitochondria as an energy source
What is a vacuoles function inside a cell
Storage area
A vacuole may store
Water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
The mitochondria is considered the what of the cell
“The powerhouse”
What is the purpose of mitochondria
Cellular respiration is the process of converting glucose of sugar molecules into a usable form of energy for the cell
What kind of membrane does mitochondria have
Inner and outer membrane
The fold on the inner membrane are known as
Cristae
What does cristae do
Increases the surface area for respiration
How many mitochondria can be found in a cell
100’s or 1000’s
What do mitochondria carry out and have their own of
They have their own DNA and carry out their own replication
The organelles of a cell do not
Float freely in the cytoplasm
What must a cell have to have shape and an organized cell
An internal framework and support system (cytoskeleton)
What is the function of the cytoskeleton
A network of protein tubes and fibers that help the cell to maintain its shape. It provides hope and support internally
The cytoskeleton is also involved in
Cell movement
What are 2 types of fibers found in the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments and microtubules
What are microfilaments
Solid, thread-like, protein structures that form extensive framework inside the cell to give support to the cell and help bear mechanical stress
Microfilaments help cells to
Move and can assemble and disassemble rapidly and are involved in muscle coordination
Microtubules are
Hollow structures
Microtubule functions include
A. Maintaining a cell shape
B. The separation of chromosomes during cell division
C. The formation of silks and flagella
Centrioles are
2 short cylinders at right angle to one another
Where are centrioles located
Near the nuclear membrane
What do centrioles do
Organize the microtubules during cell division to form a framework for separating chromosomes
Breaks down molecules and old cell parts
Lysosomes
Packages and sorts proteins and lipids for shipment
Golgi apparatus
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Cell membrane
Produce microtubules that aid in cell division
Centriole
Stores water and nutrients
Vacuole
Stores and protects chromosomes
Nucleus
Fluid organelles are floating in
Cytoplasm
Makes proteins and lipids
Endoplasmic reticulum
Carries out photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Stores genetic information
Chromosome
Produces chemical energy
Mitochondria
Surrounds plant cell sand gives them structure
Cell wall
Both plants and animals are made of
Cells
