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Human Development > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the germinal period?

A

The germinal period is between week 0 and 2. It begins with fertilization and starts with a zygote. Within day 4, the zygote transform into a blastocyst.

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The fusion of a male sperm and female egg.

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3
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Cells that have begun to differentiate, it is sphere-shaped.

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4
Q

What are the primary developmental processes of the germinal period?

A

Cell division and implantation.

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5
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

The embryonic period is between week 2 and 8. It occurs post-implantation. The blastocyst becomes an embryo.

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6
Q

What is the embryo composed of?

A

The endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

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7
Q

What is the endoderm cell layer?

A

This layer becomes digestive, respiratory systems.

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8
Q

What is the mesoderm cell layer?

A

This layer becomes circulatory and reproductive systems, bones, and muscles.

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9
Q

What is the ectoderm cell layer?

A

This layer becomes the nervous system, brain, and skin.

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10
Q

What is the amnion?

A

A sac that encloses embryo and fluids that cushions and maintains temperature.

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11
Q

What is a the placenta?

A

An organ that facilitates exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste.

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12
Q

What is an umbilical cord?

A

It connects the embryo to placenta.

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13
Q

What is the primary developmental process of the embryonic period?

A

Organogenesis.

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14
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

The fetal period begins at week 9 and continues until birth. In this period, all organs and physical structures mature.

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15
Q

What is the primary developmental process of the fetal period?

A

Physical maturation.

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16
Q

What is neuogenesis?

A

The process in which new neurons are formed in the brain.

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17
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Teratogens are any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive or behavioral outcomes in a fetus.

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18
Q

What are common teratogens?

A

Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, etc.

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19
Q

Which factors influence the effects of teratogens?

A

The dose, heredity, other negative influences, and time of the exposure.

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20
Q

Which stage of a pregnancy is the most vulnerable to environmental hazards?

A

The embryo/embryonic period.

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21
Q

What are the less known teratogens?

A

Maternal nutrition, food poisoning, stress, and age.

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22
Q

What are the two categories for premature infants? Which is at a greater risk for long-term problems?

A

Preterm infants and small-for-date infants.

Small-for-date infants are at great risk for long-term problems.

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23
Q

What is the treatment for premature infants?

A

The use of an Isolette which is a Plexiglas-enclosed bed that controls temperature and air.

Also, kangaroo care. Infants need stimulation such as the sound of a heartbeat and the release of chemicals via touch.

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24
Q

What are the long term effects for premature infants?

A

Infant mortality, health issues, developmental issues, susceptible to infection, risk of brain damage, physical/attentional/learning/behavioral problems.

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25
Q

How can poverty affect expectant mothers?

A

Mothers living in poverty are more likely to deliver prematurely, have less access to high-quality healthcare, more likely to have higher stress levels, more likely to expose fetus to teratogens, and are more likely to be malnourished.

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26
Q

How can race affect expectant mothers?

A

Black mothers are 2-3 times more likely to deliver babies prematurely.

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27
Q

What is the definition of attachment?

A

A strong bond that binds one person to another.

28
Q

What do babies come with?

A

Communication: crying, facial expressions, and primitive emotions

Babyness: size, facial features, movements, smell, and feel

Sociabiilty: Interest in people, facial expressions, gazing, and ability to be comforted

Imitation

Intersubjectivity: eye contact, recognition of other humans.

29
Q

What is the function of attachment?

A

To display a baby’s behavior such as crying to demonstrate distress.

For parents to respond such as holding in return, coming, comfort, repair, protect, etc.

30
Q

True or False:

Attachment keeps a child safe by keeping the child close to caregiver, bring caregiver, or get to caregiver.

A

True.

31
Q

True or False:

Attachment provides a secure base and haven of safety.

A

True.

32
Q

What is the four-step developmental course of attachment?

A
  1. Pre-attachment (birth to 6 weeks)
  2. Attachment-in-the-making (6 weeks to 6-8 months)
  3. Clear-cut attachment (6-8 months to 18-24 months)
  4. Goal-corrected partnership (24 months on)
33
Q

What are the four attachment styles?

A

Secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, and disorganized.

34
Q

What are the key characteristics for a secure attachment?

A

Exploration: High, focused
Stranger: Outgoing
Separation: Distress
Reunion: Joy

Parental factors: Responsive

Theme: Trust building

Internal working model: Seek and expect trusting, loving relationships

35
Q

What are the key characteristics for insecure-avoidant attachment?

A

Exploration: High, unfocused
Stranger: Indifferent
Separation: Low distress
Reunion: Indifferent, ignore, avoid

Parental factors: Impatient, avoidant, unresponsive, rejecting

Theme: Indifference or unavailability

Internal working model: Have uncertainty, distrust of others, distant, cold

36
Q

What are the key characteristics for insecure-resistant attachment?

A

Exploration: Low, clingy
Stranger: Fearful
Separation: Hi distress
Reunion: Ambivalent, wants contact but angry

Parental factors: Inconsistent, resistant overall

Theme: Unreliability or unpredictability

Internal working model: Have uncertainty, distrust of others, clingy

37
Q

Which part of the strange situation is most useful for determining attachment style?

A

The reaction and behavior of the children when caregivers leave.

38
Q

What are the key characteristics for disorganized attachment?

A

Exploration: Chaotic
Stranger: Uncertain, fearful
Separation: Variable
Reunion: Distress, unpredictable

Parental factors: Abusive, chaotic, or unpredictable

39
Q

What are the long-term effects of attachment?

A

Biological effects: Stress hormones and reactivity

Psychological effects: Trust, optimism, worthiness of love

Social Relationships

40
Q

What is an internal working model?

A

It is a lens we construct through which we interpret relationships, guide our expectations, choices, and behaviors in relationships.

Impacts interpretation and expectations.

41
Q

Which long-term effects are linked to the internal working model?

A

Emotional understanding, conscience development, and self-concept.

42
Q

How do we promote secure attachment?

A

Provide person-centered contexts and interactions.

Be responsive, build trust.

43
Q

What shapes social development in infancy?

A

Learning, instinct, and interaction.

44
Q

How can attachment be assessed?

A

The “strange situation” paradigm.

45
Q

What is the definition of temperament?

A

Temperament is the inborn physiologically-based tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events; it serves as building blocks of personality.

46
Q

Which meta-theory is associated with temperament?

A

Contextual

47
Q

What are Chess & Thomas’ key dimension of temperament?

A 
Activity level
Typical mood
Regularity of biological functions
Approach vs. withdrawal to novelty
Intensity of emotional reactions
Adaptability
48
Q

What are Kagan’s dimensions of temperament?

A

Inhibition vs. Exuberance (Shy vs. Outgoing)

If overstimulated by balloon, will most likely be shy. If unaffected, will most likely be outgoing.

49
Q

What are Rothbart’s dimensions of temperament?

A

Surgency (Activity level, approach, positive affect)

Negative reactivity (Frequency/strength of negative emotions)

Effortful control/regulation

50
Q

What are the three classification clusters of infants?

A

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm.

51
Q

What are the key characteristics for an easy infant?

A

Happy, calm, regular, predictable, open, and adaptable.

52
Q

What are the key characteristics for a difficult infant?

A

Irritable, negative mood, active, irregular rhythms, frequent crying, hard to comfort, and slow to adapt.

53
Q

What are the key characteristics for a slow-to-warm infant?

A

Inactive, moody, fearful, mild response and then adaptation.

54
Q

What is a good fit and bad fit for a difficult infant?

A

Good: Calm, loving, structure, sets limits, and provides coping strategies.

Bad: Neglect or coercion.

55
Q

What is a good fit and bad fit for a slow-to-warm child?

A

Good: Calm, loving, introduce to new situations, allow child to go at own pace, and provide coping strategies.

Bad: Overprotection and push into new situations.

56
Q

What are the consequences of goodness of fit?

A

Easy: Keeps them stable and encourages good qualities.

Difficult/Slow-to-Warm: Soften the negative consequences and encourage change.

57
Q

What are the consequences of a bad fit?

A

Easy: Interferes with positive qualities.

Difficult/Slow-to-Warm: Intensifies temperament.

58
Q

What are the implications for attachment theory?

A

Temperament and attachment interact over time.

59
Q

What is the meta-theory for the nativist theory of language development?

A

Maturational

60
Q

What is the nativist theory of language development?

A

The understanding that all humans are born with language acquisition device (LAD) that makes learning language possible.

61
Q

What is the meta-theory associated with the ethological theory of imprinting (instinct)?

A

Maturational

62
Q

What are the environmental contributions which affect language development?

A

Gender, temperament, quantity/quality of parent-child conversations, and socioeconomic status.

63
Q

How can you promote language development?

A

Frequent high-quality child-directed speech.

64
Q

What is child-directed speech?

A

Exaggerated and higher-pitched communication with shorter sentences, clear pronunciation, pausing, and repetition.

65
Q

What is the meta-theory associated with interactionist theory of language development?

A

Contextual

66
Q

What are the key factors for the interactionist theory of language development?

A

Biological contributions include neurological and physiological equipment and social orientation.
Environmental contributions include rich verbal context matters and language literacy.

67
Q

What are communication milestones?

A

Birth: Crying, facial expressions, recognizing sounds

2-4 Months: Vocalizations (Cooing)

4+ Months: Language comprehension (Joint attention, turn taking, understanding word meanings)

6+ Months: Vocalizations (Babbling)

8-12 Months: Gestures (Point, wave, nod, sign)

12-18 Months: Single words (used in conjunction with gestures)

18-24 Months: Two-word utterances

Human Development (3 decks)

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