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NSCS 200 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

psychedelics and consciousness

A

decrease functional connectivity w/n default network (alter sense of self)
-increase functional connectivity b/w primary visual cortex and brain (hallucinations, synaesthesia)

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2
Q

default mode network

A

linked to higher order consciousness (daydreaming, self reflection, recalling memories, feeling complex emotions)

  • overactive in depression
  • Alzheimer’s disease possibly targets default mode network (memory)
  • attention: allows attention to internal thoughts and stimuli
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3
Q

higher order consciousness

A

metaconsciousness, sense of self, emotions, memories

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4
Q

primary consciousness

A

awareness and perception of environment and senses (e.g. sights, sounds, etc.)

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5
Q

locked-in syndrome

A

when people are consciously aware, but cannot physiologically respond (low wakefulness)

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6
Q

locked-in syndrome and fMRI

A

asked control patients and patients diagnosed as vegetative state yes/no questions

  • if yes: imagine playing tennis (triggers motor cortex)
  • if no: imagine navigating familiar environment
  • fMRI results indicated that functional connectivity was similar among control and vegetative state patients –> locked in syndrome
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7
Q

coma

A

low levels of wakefulness and consciousness

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8
Q

lucid dreaming

A

low level of wakefulness, high consciousness

-being aware/controlling dreams

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9
Q

change blindness

A

being unaware of changes b/w two alternating images b/c selective attention is directed elsewhere (color of dude’s pants)

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10
Q

inattentional blindness

A

being unaware of stimuli b/c attention is directed elsewhere (gorilla)

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11
Q

early stage selection model

A

sensory input –> filter is applied before information is perceived (e.g. processed) based on rudimentary/physical characteristics –> attended messages are passed through to next stage of processing

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12
Q

late stage selection model

A

sensory input–> all information is perceived/processed –> we are only consciously aware of some of the info processed/perceived

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13
Q

problems with early stage selection model

A

experimental evidence: some info that is “unattended” can still pass through filter and be processed at later stages (e.g. yelling your name during cocktail party phenomenon of cat/dog)

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14
Q

Dorsal Attention Network

A

allows for selective attention of external stimuli, communicates with sensory and motor networks (e.g. directing visual field, swiveling eyes around, moving hands) to influence perception and coordinate movement

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15
Q

top-down attention

A

controlled, voluntary, goal-oriented
e.g. looking for Waldo in Where’s Waldo
external: deliberating trying to swat annoying mosquito
Internal: actively thinking/pondering philosophy

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16
Q

bottom-up attention

A

unintentional, automatic, reflexive
e.g. scanning a book and red text standing out
Internal: distracting thoughts when taking exam
External: noticing annoying mosquito

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17
Q

salience networks

A

involved in internal and external bottom-up attention

-activate in response to highly salient (captivating) stimuli/emotions

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18
Q

divided attention

A

multitasking, when attention is split between two stimuli

e.g. mind-wandering, distracted driving

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19
Q

modal model of memory

A

Input → sensory memory (seconds-long, ex. object permanence, immediate) → short-term memory (up to 30 seconds, limited capacity, can prolong duration through mental rehearsal (e.g. vocalizing, constantly repeating in your mind)) → long term memory (last for days, years, and even decades, larger capacity)

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20
Q

explicit memory

A

declarative: episodes and facts, memories that you can describe/declare
- episodic and semantic

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21
Q

implicit memory

A

nondeclarative: skills, associations, and habits

- procedural memory, priming, conditioning

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22
Q

episodic memory

A

particular events (e.g. first day of school)

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23
Q

semantic memory

A

memory of facts (capital of France)

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24
Q

procedural memory

A

implicit; skills (e.g. riding a bike)

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25
Q

priming

A

being more likely to recall a word heard recently

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26
Q

conditioning

A

learning by establishing relationships between behavior and positive/negative reinforcement or pairing neutral stimulus w/ response

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27
Q

HM and amnesia

A

suffered from seizures so had to have his hippocampus, amygdala, and surrounding cortex removed  suffered anterograde amnesia (inability to create long-term memories after injury) and retrograde amnesia (inability to recall long-term memories formed prior to injury
-amnesia affects memories formed in close proximity to when the brain injury occurred (e.g. HM was able to remember events from childhood)

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28
Q

HM and nature of memory

A

HM had ability to recall info presented several seconds ago, retained prior skills (procedural memory) and able to learn new skills, inability to plan for future
-HM’s case showed that there are different types of memory, which are supported by different brain regions/networks

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29
Q

constructive nature of memory

A

Memory is not a video replay, but constructive (building blocks, malleable, we don’t remember everything but are selective in what is stored and can be retrieved)
-Influenced by multiple sources (e.g. semantic knowledge of facts, expectations such as repeated stories, environment, mood)

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30
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

changes in the strength of synaptic connections b/w neurons due to molecular and cellular mechanisms AND birth of new neurons (neurogenesis)

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31
Q

Long Term potentiation

A

results in strengthening existing synapses and growth of new synapses

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32
Q

long-term depression

A

results in weakening/eliminating existing synapses

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33
Q

Morris water maze

A
  • With successive trials, the time it takes for animal to reach fixed platform decreases and path becomes more linear
  • When platform is moved to different location, animal takes time to adjust but the time it takes for them to learn and master movement to new platform is markedly less than the initial time to master the first task
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34
Q

LTP process: rodent hippocampus

A
  1. tetanic stimulation (repeated high frequency electrical stimulus) of presynaptic axons leads to action potentials traveling down the neuron  depolarizes the axon terminal
  2. depolarization triggers opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels, allowing Ca2+ ions to enter
  3. further depolarization by Ca2+ ions stimulates vesicles containing glutamate to fuse with membrane and release glutamate into synaptic cleft
  4. glutamate in synapse binds to NMDA and AMPA receptors
  5. when glutamate binds to AMPA receptors, triggers opening and allows influx of sodium ions
  6. influx of sodium ions triggers further depolarization in postsynaptic cell. At a certain threshold, the Mg2+ ions blocking pore of NMDA receptors are removed so that when glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, NMDA receptors open, allowing Ca2+ to flow through
  7. Ca2+ activates kinases, which then lead to signaling pathways (phosphorylation) and further physiological changes (LTP, creation of proteins and more AMPA receptors)
  8. AMPA receptors are trafficked to postsynaptic membrane, increasing sensitivity to glutamate and leading to LTP
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35
Q

stages of learning/memory

A

encoding –> consolidation –> retrieval

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36
Q

Levels of Processing

A

there are varying degrees of processing information, each with varying levels of effectiveness

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37
Q

shallow processing

A

ineffective, passive form (e.g. skimming textbook, rehearsing material)

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38
Q

deep processing

A

more effective, active form (e.g. drawing connections elaborating on the meaning)

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39
Q

experimental evidence for LOP

A

when comparing rhyming, fill in the blank or capital letters, participants who were assigned to FITB –> rhyming –> capital letters better recalled word

40
Q

circumplex model of emotions (define, x-axis and y-axis)

A

model of organizing emotions based on valence (pleasant/unpleasant) and intensity

41
Q

evolutionary purpose of emotions (Darwin)

A
  1. communicate with other people/learn from others

2. organize and motivate action

42
Q

basic emotions (who, what are basic emotions?)

A

Paul Ekman proposed that there are 6 basic emotions: anger, fear, surprise, disgust, joy, sadness that are universally recognizable, distinct and measurable

43
Q

components of emotion (4)

A

physiological reactions (bodily reactions, ANS), input appraisal (what is in the environment and what does it signify), conscious experience (what it feels like to yourself), expression (outwardly conveying emotion)

44
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

I am sad because I am crying

stimulus –> physio response –> conscious experience of emotion

45
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

simultaneously and independently stimulus –> physio AND conscious experience of emotion
-physiological response and conscious experience are independent and supported by different brain systems

46
Q

hypothalamus and emotion

A

coordinates with autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland (secretes hormones related to emotions and stress)

47
Q

Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory

A

conscious processing of emotion is influenced by context AND physio response
-physio response can amplify emotional experience

48
Q

constructive nature of emotion

A

-social, environmental expectations, past memory of similar events

49
Q

limbic system (components)

A

amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, parts of default mode network
-associated with memory and emotion

50
Q

amygdala (inputs and outputs)

A

outputs: to autonomic components of emotion (hypothalamus) and regions that shape subjective experience of emotion (pathways to cortex)
inputs: from sensory and non-sensory regions of cortex and hippocampus

51
Q

amygdala and emotion

A

associated with fear

  • lesions to amygdala prevent fear conditioning in mice and block classical conditioning with positive stimuli
  • possibly related to intensity of emotions more so than fear
52
Q

reward and pleasure (associated brain regions, NTM)

A 
dopamine
VTE (ventral tegmental area) releases dopamine onto nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex
53
Q

depression (anhedonia, rumination)

A

rumination: overthinking, repetitively focusing on symptoms of distress
anhedonia: inability to feel pleasure

54
Q

consolidation

A

moving memory from fragile state to more permanent state

55
Q

retrieval

A

getting info OUT OF memory

56
Q

encoding specificity

A

when we encode info, we also encode surrounding context in addition to stimulus
-e.g. underwater vs. on dry ground

57
Q

self-reference effect

A

retrieval is better when you relate concepts to yourself, create your own cues

58
Q

retrieval cues (definition, efficacy compared to free recall)

A

visual/verbal stimuli that trigger retrieval; more effective than free recall

59
Q

cued recall

A

recall using retrieval cues

60
Q

ways to promote successful retrieval

A

concept maps and organizational trees

61
Q

HM (what was his condition, what did his case study reveal about the nature of memory?)

A

suffered from seizures; had hippocampus removed

  • was still able to recall info repeated seconds ago and procedural memory
  • suffered from anterograde and retrograde amnesia, but only in regards to memories near time of brain injury
  • since he was able to retain some types of memory wile losing others, HM’s case demonstrated that there are different types of memory, each with different corresponding brain regions
62
Q

retrieval mode

A

process of intentionally directing your attention to test material

63
Q

cellular (synaptic) consolidation

A

long-term potentiation that increases responsiveness of postsynaptic neuron to presynaptic neuron
-occurs within hours

64
Q

systems consolidation

A

dealing with connectivity b/w neural networks involving hippocampus and cortex
-occurs within hours to days

65
Q

retrieval practice

A

practicing retrieval by repeatedly testing yourself

66
Q

constructive nature of memory

A

influenced by emotions, mood, prompts, expectations of environment

67
Q

memory (definition)

A

retaining, retrieving, and encoding information

68
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to pay attention to certain stimulus even with distracting surrounding/isolate attention

69
Q

selective attention

A

directing attention towards specific stimulus

70
Q

inattentional blindness

A

being unaware of stimulus bc attention is directed elsewhere

71
Q

change blindness

A

not detecting changes in alternating pictures, reduced with directed selective attention

72
Q

early stage processing model

A

filter is applied BEFORE info is processed/perceived
-filter selects based on physical characteristics; only “attended” info is processed
ISSUES: experimental evidence suggests that even “unattended” info is processed (noting our name being called out in the middle of a party)

73
Q

late stage processing model

A

all info is processed, but filter determines what info we become consciously aware of

74
Q

McKay dichotic listening experiment

A

subjects asked to only pay attention to stimulus coming in from one ear (e.g. they threw stones at the bank) but input from other year implying nature of bank (e.g. money, river) affected participant’s perception of what bank was

75
Q

external and internal attention

A

external: paying attention to environmental stimuli
internal: paying attention to sense of self, self-reflection, memory, emotions

76
Q

dorsal attention network

A

related to external attention

77
Q

DRM paradigm (false memory, gist)

A

participants form false memories, but will retain “gist” of information??

78
Q

top-down processing

A

purposeful, consciously looking, goal-oriented (where’s Waldo)

79
Q

bottom-up processing

A

passive, unintentional, noticing stimuli out of the blue

80
Q

salience networks

A

related to top-down and bottom-up processing

81
Q

primary consciousness

A

awareness of environmental stimuli

82
Q

higher-order consciousness

A

awareness of self, emotions, metaconsciousness

83
Q

panpsychism

A

everything (even rocks) possess consciousness

84
Q

cambridge declaration on consciousness

A

don’t test on animals

85
Q

default mode network and disease

A

Alzheimer’s

86
Q

levels of wakefulness (arousal) and conscious awareness: vegetative state, locked-in syndrome, lucid dreaming, coma

A

vegetative state: high levels of wakefulness (still exhibit physiological symptoms) but low levels of conscious awareness
locked-in syndrome: low levels of wakefulness but high level of conscious awareness
lucid dreaming: high level of conscious awareness, medium level of wakefulness
coma: low levels of consciousness and wakefulness

87
Q

psychedelics and state of consciousness (functional connectivity b/w different cortexes)

A

increase functional connectivity b/w visual cortex (hallucinations)

88
Q

divided attention (distracted driving)

A

when attention is directed elsewhere

89
Q

task-unrelated thought

A

when attention is not on the task at hand

90
Q

Descartes theory of consciousness

A

I think because I am??

91
Q

von economo neurons (dolphins)

A

social

92
Q

unconscious processing (blindsight, deaf hearing)

A

we can still process stimuli, even if we are not consciously aware of them

  • blindsight: even when lacking the corresponding photoreceptors in primary visual cortex, individuals can react to visual stimuli corresponding to the associated photoreceptors
  • deaf hearing: same concept but with primary auditory cortex and tonotopic organization
93
Q

Iowa gambling task (unconscious and conscious processes)

A

physiological process precede conscious awareness of stimuli

94
Q

what stimulates or inhibits synaptic plasticity?

A

inhibited by stress, anxiety

stimulated by new experiences

95
Q

Long Term Depression (what stimulates it, calcium levels, receptors, glutamate, morphological changes)

A

low-frequency tetanic stimulation, reduces calcium levels, so no trafficking of AMPA receptors to membrane, reduced sensitivity to glutamate and binding of glutamate to AMPA receptors –> weakening of eliminating synapse completely

96
Q

relationship b/w EPSP amplitude and time

A

with high-frequency tetanic stimulation, EPSP strength (amplitude) increases
EPSP amplitude decreases over time bc overstimulation is not healthy (needs time to package glutamate in vesicles, replenish supply of glutamate, etc.)

97
Q

Morris water maze

A

over successive trials, animal’s path to target became more linear and time elapsed decreased
-even with new target, the animal was able to learn new pathway faster

NSCS 200 (5 decks)

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