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History > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

In ____ a group of Arabs and Berbers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar under command of ____. The North African governor who put him in charge was___

A
  1. 711
  2. Tariq
  3. Muza
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2
Q

Name of the conquered region in Iberian peninsula

A

Al-Ándalus

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3
Q

They defeated the Visigoth king __ in the battle of __ in the same year.

A

1.Rodrigo 2. Battle of Guadalete

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4
Q

What were the three first battles and their years?

A

The first battle was The battle of Guadalete (711) which was Muslims(Tariq) vs Visigods (King Rodrigo)
Then in 722 the battle of Covadonga which was Muslmins vs Asturians (Don Pelayo) which Asturians won
And 732 Poitiers Muslim vs Franks (Charlemagne) Franks obviously won.

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5
Q

Why was it easy to conquer the Peninsula?

A

Because of the many conflicts the Visigoths had and since they offered people to keep their properties in exchange of taxes.

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6
Q

The territory was organised as an ___ a ________ of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus. Capital= ____

A

1.emirate 2.politically and religiously dependent 3.Córdoba

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7
Q

Creators and extensors of the mosque of Córdoba:

A

Abderraman I: built it
Abderraman II: First modification
Abderraman III: Created a new city with new mosque
Al Hakam II and Almanzor: extensions

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8
Q

Political organisation and its years

A

Independent Emirare 756-929
Caliphate of Córdoba 929-1031
Taifas kingdom 1031-1086

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9
Q

Who was the Emir who got defeated by Abderraman?what did Abderraman do after?

A
  1. Yusuf and Abderraman became an independent emir.
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10
Q

Who created the Spanish march?What was it?

A

The Franks, it was the territory between Muslims and Franks

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11
Q

What did Abd al-Rahman III do and in what year?

A

In the year 929 Abd al-Rahman III named himself the caliph in Al-Andalus

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12
Q

Who was the successor of al-Hakam? What did he do

A

Hisham II, he gave the government to Almanzor who was a military that conquered Barcelona and Santiago.

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13
Q

What happened with the caliphate?what year

A

1031 it divided into 28 small taifas

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14
Q

Who controlled the government of al-Andalus?

A

Emirs and Caliphs

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15
Q

Who were the most important officials? What did they do?

A

Hajib, they controlled the administration and finance

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16
Q

Who advised the emir?What was the name of the council?

A

The viziers in Maswar

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17
Q

Administration: territory organised into. Who were in charge?

A

Provinces/coras governor wali or judges kadis

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18
Q

Army made out of

A

Mercenaries

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19
Q

What was agriculture?

A

Agriculture was the most important economic activity. cereals grown on dry land, the irrigated land was used to plant garden crops like sugarcane,rice,oranges,mulberry and saffron.
They used reservoirs,canals wells and water wheels to irrigate.

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20
Q

Other sectors apart from agriculture

A

Livestock farming; sheep, horses and silkworms and fishing

mining; gold,iron, copper and lead

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21
Q

Explain trade and it’s coins

A

The coins were dinar and dirham. There were 2 types of trade domestic, which was inside the city and foreign which was out of the city trading. They brought spices,gold,ivory and slaves

22
Q

People who changed to muslim

A

Muladis

23
Q

Two social group of al andalus

A

Jassa: family of the caliph and Arab conquerors who held high positions
Amma: peasants and city dwellers

24
Q

Who were the people who maintained their religion in al Andalus?

A

Mozarabs

25
Q

Festivities were after..

A

Ramadán

26
Q

What did they do to entertain themselves

A

Play chess and dancing

27
Q

What did men wear?

A

Men wore baggy trousers and tunics, with sandals

28
Q

What were the clothes made out of?

A

Cotton,linen, wool and silk (luxury)

29
Q

What was basic education?

A

The education in Koranic schools, they learned to recite the Koran,read and write and grammar.

30
Q

What about higher education?

A

Madrasahs studied the Koran,Mathematics,Medicine, Astrology and Philology.

31
Q

Stood out on Literature

Science

A
  1. Ibn Hazm

2. Maslama al-Majriti

32
Q

Modifications of the mosque of Córdoba

A

It was built by Abd al-Rahman I in 785, the first modification was made by Abd al-Rahman II , then al-Hakam and Almanzor doubled the size

33
Q

What is presura?

A
34
Q

Parts of mosque of Córdoba

A

Prayer hall which has naves separated with double arches and horseshoe arches.Double-walled Qibla maxura(place reserved for the caliph) mihrab with mosaic dec.

Minaret is in the courtyard and there is also the fountain

35
Q

What was the other palace called?Who built it and when?

A

City palace of Medina Azahara built by Abd al-Rahman III in the 10th century

36
Q

Important count who United counties, what else did he do

A

Wilfred the Hairy United the counties in 878and extended the territory to the plain of Vic

37
Q

Administration of Christians

A

The territory was divided into districts which were governed by delegates and the inhabitants were obliged to defend it

38
Q

Most important economic activity after the reconquista? What happened with trading?

A

Agriculture, in the montanious areas livestock and flat agriculture. Fallow system was used.
Trade was scare due to its concentration on the few existing cities.

39
Q

Most important cities 11 centh

A

Barcelona,Santiago and León

40
Q

Christian society

A

Peasants that owned the land they worked in and nobility who assembled in a council. Abbot important role

41
Q

When did the Preromanesque art develop and the two types

A

From the end of the 8th century and until the 10th

The Mozarabic art and the Asturian art

42
Q

What is Asturian art and Mozarabic art?

A

Asturian art developed through the 8th and the 9th century in the kingdom of Asturias. They used arches, barrel-vaults, poor materials such as stone and fresco paintings in their buildings. Metalworking was also a part of this art, they made out of gold or luxurious diamonds for important items like the Cross of Ángels and the victory cross.For example the palace of Santa Maria del Naranco

The Mozarabic art came from Visigods who fled from Al-Andalus in the 10th century in the Duero valley. The churches were made out of poor materials, barrel vaults and horseshoe arches. They decorated with miniatures from the Beatus (books about apocalypse).An example is San Miguel de Escalada in Leónida and San Baudelio de Berlanga (Soria)

43
Q

What is Romanesque art?

A

Romanesque art developed in the 11th and 12th centuries, it includes with two types of schools The Catalan School and The Castilian Aragonese school.

44
Q

What was the Catalan school?

And the Castilian Aragonese?

A

The Catalan school developed through the end 10th century until the 12th and it was spread by Lombard stonemasons. They used blind arches and the abbot of the monastery of Ripoll was Olivia.

The Castilian Aragonese school was linked to the French, order of count and the pilgrimages of Camino De Santiago. They used transverse arches an example would be the cathedral of Santiago, the largest church in Christian Spain and the Cathedral of Jaca in Huesca.

45
Q

Explain sculptures and paintings

A

The sculptures were put in the capitals and façades of churches. Mural painting was used to decorate the inside of churches (example apse of San Clemente)

46
Q

The first part of the reconquista until Sancho III

A

The reconquista was the phase after the battle of Covadonga (722), this happened due to Visigods wanting to conquer back what used to be their territory. The first king of Asturias was Don Pelayo, he himself fought in the battle of Covadonga. Alfonso II changed the capital to Oviedo in 808 and in 910, Alfonso III expanded the territory until the Duero river. Because of this, in 914, Ordoño II changed the capital to León.

47
Q

Second part of the reconquista after Sancho

A

Sancho the II the Great was the king of Navarra, but when he died in 1035 the territory was given to Ramiro I, his son, he received the Kingdom of Aragon and his brother Fernando I got the count of Castilla. Fernando I wanted to be king so he attacked the king of León (Bermudo III) which he defeated and joined the count of Castilla and León to make a new kingdom. When Fernando I died (1065) the territory was divided into three parts Sancho got Castilla, Alfonso got León and Garcías got Galicia. In 1085, Alfonso conquered the lands of his siblings and turned it into Leon. in that same year Alfonso VI conquered Toledo. The reconquista goes on, until the year 1492.

48
Q

Third part until counties and groups

A

The kingdom of Pamplona was emerged in the Western Pyrenees. In 778, in the battle of Roncevalles, the Basques were free from Muslims and Franks after winning the battle. After this, they extended through La Rioja. When Sancho II died the territory was divided into the Catalan Counties and the Aragonese group. The Catalan counties were in the Eastern part, but Franks turned it into the Spanish March. Count Wilfred Hairy United counties in 878 and extended the territory to the plain of vic. At the end of the 10th (988) He gained de facto independence from Franks.

49
Q

Place reserved for caliph

A

Maxura

50
Q

Phrase of Jesus

A

Ego Sum Lux Mundi (I’m the light of the world)

51
Q

Who were the Lion, Eagle, cow and Angel?

A

Marcos Evangelista, Juan, Lucas and Mateo

History (8 decks)

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