Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RTT 115 > UNIT 3 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

Gas movement into and out of the lung. (Inhalation and Exhalation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Different types of gas exhange

A

Diffusion, Pulmonary and Tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pulmonary Gas exchange

A

aka external respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tissue gas exchange

A

aka internal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gas transport

A

gas movement in blood (to the tissues and from the tissues).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neurologic Control

A

Regulation of ventilation and thus gas exchange. (Brain, nervous system).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Components of the Upper Airway

A

Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Larynx

A

transitional airway (in middle).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Primary functions of Upper Airway

A

Conduction of air, conditioning of air, preventing foreign material from entering lung, speech (vocal), and smell. No gas exchange occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

External nose structure

A

Anterior nares (choanae), external nares, alar cartilage (wing, lateral structure), septal cartilage (divides into 2 cavities).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Internal Structure of the nose

A

Choana, turbinates, olfactory region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Turbinates

A

bony lateral projections. (superior, middle and inferior location).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of flow occurs at the turbinates and what does it help do?

A

turbulent flow occurs, and it helps get particles out of the air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Meati

A

Internal structure of nose, air passageways. formed by the turbinates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Arranged in pairs, drain into nose through openings behind turbinates. Named for bones. (frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Paranasal Sinuses function

A

lighten skull, resonance chamber for speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two palates

A

Hard palate and soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hard Palate

A

palatine bone. anterior portion, bony.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Soft Palate

A

posterior portion, tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Uvula

A

located at palate, terminal end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Congenital

A

present at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Posterior Nares

A

opening from nasal cavity into pharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chanal Atresia

A

congenital defect in newborns at posterior nares, opening covered by tissue or bone, surgical emergency to open the passageway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mucosa (anterior).

A

Membrane, tissue covering inside of nose. Anterior 1/3. Squamous, nonciliated epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mucosa (posterior)

A

Posterior 2/3. pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium. Contains numerous serous mucous glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Vasculature

A

Internal and external carotids, nasal mucosa highly vascularized. Increased in blood flow results in congestion and swelling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Innervation of the nose

A

7th cranial nerve and 5th cranial nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

7th Cranial Nerve

A

motor innervation to muscles of external nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

5th cranial nerve

A

sensory nerve to mucosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Primary functions of Nose

A

Humidification, heating, and filtration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Secondary functions of Nose

A

Olfaction, Phonation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Humidification

A

1,000 mL/day. Evaporation of H2O from mucous/serous secretions.
75-80% RH body temp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Heating

A

heat exchange, heat conduction from mucosa, profuse vascularization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Filtration

A

vebrissae, mucocilliary action, and soluble foreign gases and vapors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vebrissae

A

large, coarse hairs inside of external nares. Large particles impact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Mucociliary Action

A

mucus blanket, cilia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

top layer of mucous

A

gel layer, sticky layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

bottom layer of mucous

A

sol layer, watery layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many cm do cilia move per hour?

A

12 cm per hour, 120 mm per hour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Structure of Pharynx

A

space behind oral and nasal cavities. has subdivisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Subdivisions of Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Nasopharynx parts

A

eustachian tube, phayngeal tonsils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Nasopharynx

A

receives air from the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

auditory tube, equalizes air pressure, drainage of fluid from middle ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Pharyngeal Tonsils

A

AKA adenoids, enlargement=otitis media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Adenoids

A

block drainage of middle ear causing infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Oropharynx functions

A

Receives food from oral cavity, receives air from oral cavity and nasopharynx. Includes the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

known as hypopharynx, receives food and air from oropharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Air=

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Food=

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Motor nerve=

A

pharyngeal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Larynx structure

A

anterior part of neck, level of 4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae, glottis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the glottis

A

opening between the vocal cords, opening in larynx, narrowest point of upper airway in adults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where is the narrowest part for newborns

A

below the glottis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Cartilage

A

connected by muscles, membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

largest cartilage in the larynx, known as adam’s apple, larger in males than females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

complete ring, narrowest point in newborns/small children. below the glottis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cricothyroid membrane

A

ligament between cricoid and thyroid cartilage. can provide emergency airway access if needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Arytenoids

A

significant role in vocal cord movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Epiglottis

A

attached to thyroid cartilage, covers glottis during swallowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Vocal cords

A

ligamentous, extend from arytenoids to thyroid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Function of Larynx

A

gas conduction, protect lower airway, coughing, and speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The lower airway protects what in the larynx?

A

epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Are vocal cords important for coughing?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Swallowing

A

involuntary and voluntary responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Voluntary response of swallowing

A

food moves from mouth to pharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Involuntary response to swallowing

A

tongue elevates (seals mouth), soft palate elevates (seals nasopharynx), epiglottis folds back (blocks glottis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Coughing

A

Voluntary and involuntary responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Involuntary response to coughing

A

stimulus, cough receptors (larynx, trachea, carina, and larger bronchi).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Phase of coughing: Deep inspiration

A

glottis closes, epiglottis, cords.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Phases of coughing

A

abdominal muscles contract (increase intrapulmonary pressure) expulsion (sudden opening of glottis). 100 mph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Pharyngeal Reflex

A

“gag reflex” “swallowing reflex”, protective reflex.

73
Q

9th cranial nerve

A

sensory

74
Q

10th cranial nerve

A

motor

75
Q

Laryngeal Reflex

A

“laryngospasm” vocal cords snap shut. Vagus nerve.

76
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

sensory and motor. Vagovagal.

77
Q

Tracheal Reflex

A

Cough reflex. Vagovagal.

78
Q

Carinal Reflex

A

Cough reflex (nerve cough receptors in carina). Vagovagal. Lower respiratory tract.

79
Q

What order do you lose your reflexes in?

A

Descending order. (top to bottom).

80
Q

How do you gain your reflexes back in?

A

Ascending order. (bottom to top).

81
Q

Tracheobronchial Tree subdivisions

A

large airways, and small airways.

82
Q

Large airways are made up of

A

bronchi

83
Q

Small airways are made up of

A

Bronchioles. no cartilage.

84
Q

Tracheobronchial Tree

A

System of conducting tubes.

85
Q

What does the tracheobronchial tree allow

A

gas to move to and from lung parenchyma, and gas exchange.

86
Q

Epithelium

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium. Numerous mucous and serous secreting glands.

87
Q

Lamina Propria

A

submucousa. Loose, fibrous. Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves. Network of smooth muscle.

88
Q

Cartilaginous Layer

A

Varying amounts of cartilage. Cartilage disappears in tubes less than 1 mm in diameter.

89
Q

Trachea adult length

A

11-13 cm/ 1.5-2.5 cm diameter

90
Q

Carina

A

area where trachea branches into 2 mainstem bronchi.

91
Q

Position of trachea

A

directly infront of esophagus, flanked by great vessels of neck.

92
Q

Trachea

A

16-20 C shaped cartilages. Posterior wall composed of flat membrane, separated from anterior esophogeal wall by loose connective tissue.

93
Q

Main stem bronchi length

A

1 cm diameter

94
Q

Main stem bronchi structure

A

trachea divides into right and left main stem bronchi. similar to trachea biologically.

95
Q

Right main stem bronchus

A

wider, shorter than left side. appears to be an extension of trachea. does not branch off at such a heavy angle as left. 20-30 degree angle.

96
Q

Left main stem bronchus

A

Narrower, longer than right. looks more like branch than continuation of trachea. 45-55 degree angle.

97
Q

Lobar Bronchi

A

Right main stem bronchus divides into 3 lobar bronchi.
Upper, Middle, Lower.
Left main stem bronchus divides into 2 lobar bronchi. Upper and Lower.
Cartilage lose horseshoe shape. provides rigidity.

98
Q

Segmental Bronchi

A

Lobar bronchi branch into segmental bronchi. Name according to lung segments they supply.

99
Q

Sub-segmental Bronchi

A

4-11 divisions from trachea. Diameters decrease from approx. 4 mm to 1 mm.

100
Q

Function of arrangement of sub-segmental bronchi

A

number of airways increase with each generation. Total cross sectional area of respiratory tract at each level increases.

101
Q

Bronchioles diameter

A

< 1-2 mm

102
Q

Bronchioles

A

total cross sectional area increases. resistance to air flow in small airways is individually greater, but overall resistance of network is less. It is believed velocity of air steps. By the time you get to the last terminal bronchiole gas steps and gets the lungs by diffusion.

103
Q

Law of Continuity

A

Fluids. As cross sectional area increases of a branching network of tubes, the velocity decreases.

104
Q

Primary Lobule

A

functional unit of gas exchange in the lung.

105
Q

Bronchioles cont.

A

contribute 10-20% total airway resistance due to the network being bigger. contributes to blood supply, arterial circulation.

106
Q

Where is most resistance?

A

In the large airways.

107
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

last airway of tracheobronchial tree. diameter avg. 0.5 mm. Mucus glands and cilia disappear.

108
Q

Terminal bronchioles mucus production?

A

mucus at this level is produced by Clara cells.

130,000 terminal bronchioles, bring air to primary lobule.

109
Q

Clara cells

A

glands in epitheleal layers, produce mucus, look different than goblet cells under microscope.

110
Q

how much % is the normal amount you inhale?

A

30-40% of tidal volume is the amount you normally inhale.

111
Q

Mucus Blanket (Respiratory Tract).

A

Rate of mucus production= 100 mL/day. Continuous, uninterrupted covering. (layer over the most you swallow).

112
Q

Function of Secretions

A

diminish/regulate H2O loss, protect cells and mucus membranes, mucociliary clearance mechanism, bacteriocidal or static activity.

113
Q

What does excessive production of mucus mean?

A

infection, allergy, dehydration, chemical irritation, increased gas flow/velocity.

114
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

defect that occurs in the pancreas, effects excretion glands in the lungs. (viscous mucus) affects water and ion exchange.

115
Q

Cilia

A

lie within sol layer. when beat the tip of cilia stick out of gel layer and help move mucus along.

116
Q

Gland

A

produce mucus that collects above epithelial cells.

117
Q

Mast cells

A

involved in an allergic response that occurs in the airway.

118
Q

Lung Parenchyma

A

2 functions: gas exchange and nourishing the tissue.

119
Q

Types of Alveolar cells

A

Type I, Type II, and Type III.

120
Q

Type I cells

A

epithelium, most of the structure.

121
Q

Type II cells

A

produce a chemical surfactin. (surface-active agent). reduces surface tension in alveoli, helps so alveoli does not collapse.

122
Q

Type III cells

A

alveolar macrophages, ingest foreign material, have mobility, and deposit foreign material.

123
Q

Primary Lobule

A

Diameter 3.5 mm, supplied by single pulmonary arteriole.

124
Q

Alveolar Ducts

A

arise from respiratory bronchioles, walls composed of alveoli separated by septal walls, about 1/2 alveoli arise from ducts, about 35% exchange, other 65% would be in the sacs.

125
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

last generation of airway, functionally same as alveolar ducts, but are blind passages (dead ends), sacs exist in clusters of 15-20 with common walls, 50% alveoli, 65% gas exchange.

126
Q

Macrophages

A

Type III alveolar cells, arise from bone marrow or Type II cells.

127
Q

Surfactant

A

Fluid, continuously produced by Type II cells, 1/2 life of 24 hr. Detergent-like substance, chemically a phospholipid (lecithin, primary one), reduces surface tension in lungs, (prevents alveolar collapse).

128
Q

Components of AC membrane

A

surfactant, alveolar epithelium, interstitium, and capillary endothelium.

129
Q

Right lung

A

55% by weight and volume.
3 Lobes
Transverse and Oblique Fissures

130
Q

Right lung lobes

A

Upper- apical, posterior, anterior.
Middle- Lateral, medial
Lower- Superior, Anterior basal, medial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal.

131
Q

Left Lung

A

45% by weight and volume
2 Lobes
Oblique fissure

132
Q

Left lung lobes

A

Upper- apico-posterior, anterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular.
Lower- superior, antero-medial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal.

133
Q

Albuterol

A

stimulates sympathetic system.

134
Q

Aorta- systemic circulation

A

right atrium.

135
Q

Arteries systemic circulation

A

capillaries –> veins

136
Q

Arteries

A

conduct blood away from heart

137
Q

Capillaries

A

site of gas exchange

138
Q

Veins

A

conduct blood back to heart

139
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

nutritional supply to T-B tree, bronchial artery (1st branch off descending aorta, enters lung at hilum.)

140
Q

Bronchial veins

A

anatomical shunt, mixing of oxygenated with unoxygenated blood.
PaO2 can never be as high as PAO2

141
Q

Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary artery ->

A

left atrium

142
Q

Pulmonary circulation pulmonary artery –>

A

pulmonary capillaries –> pulmonary veins

143
Q

Functions of pulmonary circulation

A

gas exchange, nutritional supply to lung parenchyma.

144
Q

Resistance formula

A

R= deltaP/V (flowrate)

145
Q

Lymphatics

A

drain fluid from lungs,

146
Q

Ventilation Perfusion relationship in lungs

A

ratio of amount of ventilation to amount of blood flow. V/Q ratio.

147
Q

Normal V/Q ratio

A

4/5=0.8

4 liters ventilation to 5 liters perfusion.

148
Q

Alveolar Units: Normal unit

A

normally ventilated, perfused.

149
Q

Alveolar Units: Dead space unit

A

ventilated, not perfused.

150
Q

Alveolar units: shunt unit

A

perfused, not ventilated.

151
Q

Alveolar Unit: Silent Unit

A

neither ventilated, nor perfused.

152
Q

V/Q in Apices

A

Better ventilated than perfused. PAO2 increases. (more O2 coming into alveoli).
PACO2 decrease. (more CO2 leaving alveoli, less CO2 coming into alveoli.

153
Q

V/Q in Bases

A

Better perfused than ventilated. decrease PAO2. increase PACO2

154
Q

Visceral pleura

A

lines outside of lungs

155
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lines inside of rib cage
potential space for air, blood, pus.
normally contains few drops of lubricating type fluid.

156
Q

nemothorax

A

air in thorax

157
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in thorax

158
Q

empymea

A

puss in thorax

159
Q

What are the lungs separated by?

A

mediastinum

160
Q

bony part of ribs

A

costae

161
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12 pairs, 7 attached to the sternum

162
Q

Thoracic cage

A

cone shaped.

protects C-P organs, supports shoulder attachment for muscles (upper limb, vertebrae, skull).

163
Q

Sternum

A

composed of three flat elongated bones. 3 parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process.

164
Q

addlexrisis

A

collapsed lung

165
Q

Rib 11-12

A

floating ribs. they float inward to provide protection for the kidneys. retroparitheal space.

166
Q

Costae condral junction

A

where bony rib meets cartilage from sternum

167
Q

Muscles of Ventilation

A

responsible for changing size (volume) of thorax. Diaphragm, Intercostasl muscles, accessory muscles, abdominal muscles.

168
Q

Accessory muscles help during

A

inspiration

169
Q

Abdominal muscles are muscles are

A

expiration

170
Q

Diaphragm

A

separates thoracic and abdominal cavities. made of two “hemidiaphragms.
dome shaped, major muscle of ventilation

171
Q

What happens with the diaphragm during contraction?

A

causes each half to be pulled down, thus increasing volume of thorax. decrease pleural space.

172
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

2 layers of muscle fibers connecting ribs. External and internal.

173
Q

Contraction of External Intercostal muscles

A

pulls up rib below, upward and outward. Increases A-P diameters and transverse diameter of thorax.

174
Q

Contraction of Internal intercostals

A

pulls down rib above.

175
Q

Accessory Muscles

A

Elevate and stabilize chest wall. capable of providing reasonable degree of inspiratory activity. muscles of inspiration.

176
Q

Major Accessory Muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis Major, Trapezius.

177
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

Muscles of expiration
Normally passive.
occurs due to elastic recoil of lung.

178
Q

Abdominal muscles play role in active expiration

A

external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus.

RTT 115 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions