Unit 3 Flashcards
What does it mean when something is unsaturated?
An unsaturated compound is a compound with at least one carbon — carbon double bond.
What does it mean when something is saturated?
A saturated compound is something containing 1 single carbon — carbon bond
What are the types of alcohols?
Primary - joined to the end of carbon chain, the -OH is attached to a carbon atom with at least two Hydrogen atoms (-CH²OH)
Secondry - joined to an intermediate carbon atom, the -OH is attached to a carbon atom that has only 1 hydrogen atom
Tertiary - joined to an intermediate carbon atom which also has a branch attached, -OH is attached to a carbon atom that dosn’t have any hydrogen atoms.
How do you get soap from edible fats and oils?
When edible fats and oils (esters) are hydrolysed, they produce glycerol and carboxylic acids (fatty acids). If you then have a hydrolysis reaction with an alkali (NaOH) the fatty acids form salts, this is now a soap.
Fat + alkali —–> glycerol + salt (soap)
Explain, in hydrocarbons why does the molecules size increase as the boiling point increases?
Bigger molecules = more electrons = stronger LDFs = more energy to break apart
What are essential oils?
- essential oils are concentrated extracts of the aroma compounds found in plants.
- widely used in perfumes, cosmetics and cleaning products as well as flavourings.
- not the same as edible oils, contain more volatile and insoluble in water compounds, like isoprenes.
What is a substitution reaction?
- a substitution reaction is when an atom in the molecule substituted for another.
- this is done in 3 steps; initiation, propagation and termination.
CH⁴ + Cl² ——> CH³Cl + HCl
What force is found between hydrocarbons?
The force between hydrocarbons is the intermolecular force that is LDF
What makes up a soap molecule?
- They have hydrophilic heads which are water soluble
* They also have hydrophobic (hydrocarbon) tails which are soluble in oil and grease
How do you name molecules, using the systematic naming rule?
- Identify the (parent) compound with the longest chain, name the alkane, cycloalkane or alkane it is
- For alkane, start counting from the side with the carbon — carbon double bond
- For branches, name them according to carbons (methyl, etheyl)
- Where there are branches and double bonds that’s the lowest number of the chain
- Use the terms (di, tri, etc.) When describing two or three double bonds and branches of the same type
How do hydrogen bond affect viscosity?
Hydrogen bonds make a compound more viscose.
More hydrogen bonds = higher viscosity
What can carboxylic acids be identified by?
Carboxylic acids can be identified by its carboxyl group, –COOH
O
||
— C –OH
These can be named using the systematic naming rule
Are alcohols polar or non-polar?
Alcohols are polar as so they dissolve in other polar liquids like water. They will not dissolve in water as it is non-polar.
What reactions occur when breaking and forming esters?
When an ester breaks down in water it forms an alcohol and carboxylic acid, this is ester hydrolysis.
Forming esters = condensation reaction
Breaking esters = hydrolysis reaction
Why do esters have low boiling points and are non-polar?
Unlike alcohols and carboxylic acids, esters do not contain a hydroxyl group (–OH). Therefore, esters contain cannot form hydrogen bonds to other esters, thus lower boiling points and they are non-polar so can’t dissolve in polar substances like water.
