unit 2a:natures chemistry Flashcards
carbon compounds which contain the hydroxyl functional group -OH
alcohol
the process which produces soaps from edible fats and oils. hydrolysis produces three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule . the fatty acid molecule are neutralised by the alkali , forming water-soluble ionic salts called soaps
alkaline hydrolysis
compounds which link by condensation reaction to form proteins
amino acid
carbon compounds which contain the carboxyl functional groups -COOH
carboxylic acid
reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule at the same time eliminating a small milieu layer such as water
condensation
physical alteration of the molecular shape of a protein (or other molecule) as a result of temperature or PH changes
denaturing
substances with non-polar hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head which remove oil and grease in the same way as soaps but do not form soap scum with hard water
detergent
a mixture of liquids where small droplets of one liquid are dispersed in another liquid , commonly found in food
emulsion
a substance which prevents non-polar and polar liquids separating into layers
emulsifier
protein molecules which act as a catalysts in biological processes
enzymes
amino acids that cannot be made by the body , they must be obtained through diet
essential amino acids
carbon compounds formed when alcohols react with carboxylic acids by condensation
esters
esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of (usually saturated) long-chain carboxylic acids. the compounds have melting points high enough to be solid at room temperature
fats
the addition of hydrogen to carbon to carbon multiple bond
hydrogenation
the breakdown of a molecule by reaction with water
hydrolysis
compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
isomers
esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of (usually unsaturated) carboxylic acids , melting points low enough to be liquid at normal room temperature
oils
an amide link which is found in a living organism (in proteins)
peptide links
biological polymers of small molecules called amino acids
proteins
a hydrocarbon in which all carbon to carbon covalent bonds are single bonds
saturated
salts of fatty acids that have and ionic head that is water soluble and a covalent tail that is soluble in oil. the process in which this is created is called alkaline hydrolysis
soap
molecule formed through the condensation of one glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules
triglycerides
molecules with at least one carbon to carbon double bond
unsaturated
a substance which evaporates very easily to form gas
volatile
