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COMPLETE India (REDUCED) > Unit 2.1 The First World War and Its Impact (COMPLETE) > Flashcards

Unit 2.1 The First World War and Its Impact (COMPLETE) Flashcards

1
Q

What was given protection in 1917?

A
  • Protection was given to Indian industries.

- Tariff control became a factor fastened on by Indian nationalists in the 20th century.

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2
Q

How much of the British overseas investment went into India in the early 20th century?

A
  • One tenth.
  • About £360 million by 1910.
  • Nearly half was given in the form of government loans to subsidise railway development and tea and coffee plantations.
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3
Q

What was the Indian National Congress like up until 1914?

A
  • Met every year until the outbreak of WW1.
  • Mainly high-caste Hindus but there were also some Muslims and British delegates too.
  • Was a powerful voice for Indian nationalism.
  • Was a discussion forum not a political party.
  • The early resolutions of Congress were framed within a spirit of cooperation with the Raj.
  • There were some members who wanted to push the agenda harder and further.
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4
Q

What was the Muslim League?

A
  • Formed in 1906.
  • Muslims never felt comfortable under the Congress umbrella which led them to create alternative political organisations.
  • As the Raj was moving towards a more democratic situation the Muslims, being the minority, knew there would be few, if any, Muslims elected to provincial or national assemblies.
  • Strongly advocated for separate electorates.
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5
Q

What was the 1909 Indian Councils Act?

A
  • Outcome of a series of reforms agreed by John Morley (SoS) and Lord Minto (Viceroy) reflecting an understanding of the problems faced by Hindus and Muslims as they moved to have a greater understanding of their Country’s affairs.
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6
Q

What did the 1909 Indian Councils Act establish?

A
  • 60 Indian representatives were to be elected to serve in the viceroys Executive Council; 27 of these were to be elected from territorial constituencies and special interest groups. Officials remained in the majority.
  • The provincial councils were to be enlarged as to create non-official majorities.
  • Separate electorates were provided for Muslims and Hindus in order to allow the minority Muslims have a voice in the various councils.
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7
Q

What did Morley do in addition to the 1909 Indian Councils Act?

A
  • Appointed 2 Indians to his London-based group of advisors.
  • Urged Minto to do something similar, appointed Satyendra Sinha (advocate-general of Bengal) to be his law advisor on his Executive Council.
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8
Q

What was India’s response to the outbreak of WW1?

A
  • All sections of Indian society met the British with instant declarations of loyalty and support.
  • 27 of the largest Princely states put their armies at the disposal of the British and commissioned, fitted and provisioned a hospital ship named ‘Loyalty’.
  • Even Bal Tilak declared his loyalty to the British.
  • Gandhi, then a little known lawyer, urged Indians to give such service to show their desire to share in the responsibilities of membership of the British Empire.
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9
Q

What were the Indians attitudes towards fighting?

A
  • For most, going to war was part of their well-established ancestral tradition of obligation to whoever was their empire.
  • Interestingly, few claimed to be fighting for India.
  • Most cited the King or the Empire as their causes for fighting.
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10
Q

What was Indias military contribution to WW1?

A
  • Poured materials and men into the war effort.

- Became a crucial source of supply for the Allied cause.

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11
Q

What was the First Indian Expeditionary force made up of?

A
  • 16,000 British.

- 28,500 Indian troops of the Lahore and Meerut divisions and the Secunderabad cavalry.

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12
Q 
In which battle did Indian soldiers provide hard the allied fighting force?
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A
  • Neuve Chapelle.

- 1915.

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13
Q

What happened in December 1915?

A
  • 2 Indian infantry divisions were withdrawn from France and sent to serve in the Middle East.
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14
Q

What were the reasons for the withdrawal of the 2 Indian infantry divisions in 1915?

A
  • The Indians were suffering low morale and the War Office feared they wouldn’t survive another winter on the Western Front.
  • Made sense to concentrate the Indian army in the Middle East where they were better suited to the the climate and it would be easier to send supplies and reinforcements from India.
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15
Q

How many Indians had been recruited in combatant and non-combatant roles by November 1918?

A
  • 1.5 million Indians.

- Nearly all of them had been sent overseas.

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16
Q

How many animals were given by India to aid with the war effort?

A
  • 184,350 animals.

- Nearly all of them had been sent overseas.

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17
Q

How many Indian troops died by November 1918?

A
  • 60,000 Indian troops died.
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18
Q

How did the Indian contribution to the war effort compare to the efforts of all other imperial contributions?

A
  • The Indian level of contribution and sacrifice dwarfed all other imperial contributions to the war effort.
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19
Q

What was Indias economic contribution to the war effort?

A
  • By the end of the war India had contributed over £146 million to the Allied war effort.
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20
Q

What was the economic impact of WW1 on India?

NEGATIVES

A
  • Increased taxation.
  • Fuel shortages.
  • Rising prices.
  • The war disrupted normal trading, created exchange rate problems and imposed the demands of the military.
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21
Q

What was the economic impact of WW1 on India?

POSITIVES

A
  • Indian manufacturing industries particularly cotton, iron, steel, sugar, engineering and chemicals expanded in order to replace goods normally imported.
  • Shareholders saw their dividends rocket.
22
Q

What percent did the prices of food grain rise by?

Negative economic impact of WW1 on India

A
  • 93%.
23
Q

What percent did Indian-made goods rise by?

Negative economic impact of WW1 on India

A
  • 60%.
24
Q

What percent did imported goods rise by?

Negative economic impact of WW1 on India

A
  • 190%.
25
Q

What was the Montagu Declaration?

A
  • 20th August 1917.

- Edwin Montagu (SoS) agreed to change the political geography of India.

26
Q

What evidence is there to show that the Montagu declaration was a significant step towards India self-governance?

A
  • Implicitly committed the British government to grant some form of self government to India.
  • Montagu did what he said and visited India to take sounding.
  • Significant since it shows that Montagu believed that Indians should be more involved in their government.
  • India would be reorganised and they would have more representation
27
Q

What evidence is there to show that the Montagu declaration was not a significant step towards India self-governance?

A
  • No time scale showed that the British weren’t in a hurry for this to happen.
  • Logistics of declaration were not discussed
28
Q

What were the 1919 Rowlatt Commission and Rowlatt Acts?

A
  • Mr ST Rowlatt (a Scottish judge appointed by the Gov) set up a Commission to investigate claims of conspiracies.
  • Bengal, Bombay and the Punjab accused of being centres for revolutionary activity.
  • Proposals of the Committee were incorporated into the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act (Rowlatt Acts).
29
Q

What evidence is there to show that the Rowlatt Acts were a significant step towards India self-governance?

A
  • Jinnah resigned from his position in the Council.
  • Acts led to resistance - e.g Hartals in the Punjab and Amritsar. The British lost control of Amritsar.
  • The Act was eventually repealed in 1922 (resistance worked).
30
Q

What evidence is there to show that the Rowlatt Acts were not a significant step towards India self-governance?

A
  • British Raj accused of focusing on repression, imposed acts such as imprisonment without trial, no juries, censorship, etc.
  • Acts went ahead despite opposition from the Indian Legislative Council.
31
Q

What was the Amritsar Massacre?

A
  • April 1919.
  • British sent in troops to stop the rioting in Amritsar.
  • Brigadier General Rex Dyer warned against the holding of ‘meetings and assemblies’ and established a curfew.
  • 400 Indians in the crowd were shot.
  • Dyer then introduced martial law in Amritsar.
32
Q

What evidence is there to show that the Amritsar Massacre was a significant step towards India self-governance?

A
  • Some Britons were furious at Dyer’s actions.
  • His actions were condemned.
  • He was forced to resign and return to England.
  • The INC set up its own enquiry. The findings arose deep feelings of anger and frustration at the British Raj.
33
Q

What evidence is there to show that the Amritsar Massacre was not a significant step towards India self-governance?

A
  • Some Britons felt that Dyer had acted within his line of duty.
  • He received no punishment for his actions.
  • Michael O’Dwyer (governor of Punjab) was only gently reprimanded for his involvement.
34
Q

What was The Montagu-Chelmsford Report and Government of India Act?

A
  • Edwin Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford had been working on the Montagu Declaration.
  • It became law (the Government of India Act) in December 1919.
35
Q

What evidence is there to show that the Montagu-Chelmsford Report and Government of India Act was a significant step towards India self-governance?

A
  • Intention of Act was to shift more and more decision-making from the centre to the provinces, therefore including more Indians in decision-making.
  • Act created a dyarchy (a division of power)
  • Provincial councils were given control over education, agriculture, health and public works.
36
Q

What evidence is there to show that the Montagu-Chelmsford Report and Government of India Act was not a significant step towards India self-governance?

A
  • Dyarchy remained unequal.
  • British kept control of military matters, foreign affairs, currency, communications and criminal law.
  • Act was controversial in Britain. Right wing MPs were convinced Britain would soon lose India - they protested the reforms.
37
Q

When did Gandhi arrive back in India from South Africa?

A
  • 1914.
38
Q

What groups supported the Indian National Congress?

A
  • Businessmen.

- Muslims.

39
Q

When did the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League begin to work together?

A
  • 1916.
40
Q

Why did the Muslim League and Indian National Congress begin working together?

A
  • The Muslim League began to demand to be separate from the Raj, a similar objective for the INC.
  • The British declaring war on Turkey in 1914 angered the Muslim League.
  • Jinnah wanted Congress and the Muslim League to work together.
41
Q

What was 1 point made in the Lucknow Pact?

A
  • It was agreed that there should be separate electorates for all communities (unless they requested to join together as one).
42
Q

What was 1 action taken by the newly-strengthened INC towards self-governance?

A
  • Urged the British to issue a proclamation stating that their aim was to confer self-government on India in the near future.
  • The temporary alliance signalled to the British that the Indian nationalist movement was growing in strength.
43
Q

What was 1 weakness of the Lucknow Pact?

A
  • Merely an agreement between the Muslim League and Congress.
  • They had no power to impose it.
44
Q

What was the aim of the Home Rule Leagues?

A
  • Brought the idea of home rule to the masses of Indian people who were otherwise disinterested.
45
Q

What are 2 examples of new Home Rule Leagues?

A
  • Bal Tilak, 32,000 members.

- Annie Besant, All-India Home Rule League.

46
Q

What are 2 actions of the Home Rule Leagues?

A
  • Public lectures.

- Petitions.

47
Q

What are 2 ways in which the British tried to put a stop to the progress of the Home Rule Leagues and why was it counter productive?

A
  • Talik was arrested for sedition.
  • Besant was confined in June 1917.
  • This was counter productive as:
    A) It brought the Nationalist groups together
    B) Congress and the Muslim League swung to support the Home Rule Leagues.
48
Q

How did the INC respond to the 1919 Government of India Act?

A
  • Rejected the act.

- Boycotted the first elections.

49
Q

How did Gandhi respond to the Amritsar Massacre?

A
  • Called for satyagraha in April 1919.

- Held a series of hartals.

50
Q

Why was Gandhi’s response to the Amritsar Massacre unsuccessful?

A
  • The hartal were not nationally consistent.

- Resulted in more disruption and violence.

COMPLETE India (REDUCED) (4 decks)

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