Unit 2.1 - Subcellular Components

Question 1

What is apoptosis?

Answer 1

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It’s a way for the body to get rid of old, unnecessary, or damaged cells.

Question 2

What is ATP?

Answer 2

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule that stores and provides energy for many biochemical reactions in the cell.

Question 3

What are cell walls?

Answer 3

Cell walls are rigid layers surrounding some types of cells providing structural support and protection.

Question 4

What is cellulose?

Answer 4

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, that is composed of glucose units and forms the main component of plant cell walls.

Question 5

What are centrioles?

Answer 5

Centrioles are cylindrical structures found in most eukaryotic cells, involved in cellular division and the formation of spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during mitosis.

Question 6

What is chlorophyll?

Answer 6

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that absorbs light energy to carry out photosynthesis.

Question 7

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 7

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and some algae that conduct photosynthesis, absorbing sunlight and using it with water and carbon dioxide to produce food for the plant.

Question 8

What is the cis face?

Answer 8

The cis face is the receiving side of the Golgi apparatus where transport vesicles fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their cargo into the lumen.

Question 9

What are cristae?

Answer 9

Cristae are internal compartments formed by the inner membrane folding over itself within mitochondria, providing an increased surface area for chemical reactions that produce ATP.

Question 10

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Answer 10

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and sacs that function in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification processes.

Question 11

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 11

Eukaryotic cells are complex cells with a nucleus and other organelles, all enclosed within membranes.

Question 12

What are flagella?

Answer 12

Flagella are long, whip-like appendages that protrude from the cell body and help in movement.

Question 13

What is the fluid-mosaic model?

Answer 13

The fluid-mosaic model describes the structure of cell membranes as a flexible layer made of lipid molecules interspersed with large protein molecules.

Question 14

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 14

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 15

What are hydrophilic substances?

Answer 15

Hydrophilic substances are those that have an affinity for water, meaning they can mix with or dissolve in water.

Question 16

What does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 16

Hydrophobic refers to substances that repel or do not mix with water.

Question 17

What is the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 17

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA into ATP.

Question 18

What are lysosomes?

Answer 18

Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes that help break down waste materials and cellular debris inside cells.

Question 19

What are mitochondria?

Answer 19

Mitochondria are organelles within eukaryotic cells that produce most of the cell’s supply of ATP, used as a source of chemical energy.

Question 20

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 20

The mitochondrial matrix is a gel-like substance inside mitochondria where certain metabolic reactions occur.

Question 21

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 21

The nucleolus is a small, dense region within the nucleus of a cell where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and assembled with proteins to form ribosomes.

Question 22

What is the nucleus?

Answer 22

The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s genetic material organized as DNA molecules.

Question 23

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 23

Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells.

Question 24

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 24

The phospholipid bilayer is a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane.

Question 25

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 25

The plasma membrane is a thin layer that separates the inside of cells from their environment.

Question 26

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 26

Prokaryotic cells are simple, small cells that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Question 27

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Answer 27

rRNA is part of ribosomes, serving as structural components and catalyzing peptide bond formation.

Question 28

What are ribosomes?

Answer 28

Ribosomes are tiny structures within cells where proteins are made.

Question 29

What is the stroma?

Answer 29

The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana within the chloroplast where the dark reactions of photosynthesis occur.

Question 30

What are thylakoids?

Answer 30

Thylakoids are flattened sac-like membranes arranged in stacks inside the chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.

Question 31

What is the trans face?

Answer 31

The trans face is the shipping side of the Golgi apparatus where modified proteins and lipids are sorted and packaged into vesicles.

Question 32

What is the transitional ER?

Answer 32

The transitional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a region of the ER that specializes in the final steps of protein and lipid synthesis.

Question 33

What are vacuoles?

Answer 33

Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that function in several different ways including isolating materials.

Question 34

What are vesicles?

Answer 34

Vesicles are small membrane-bound sacs that function in moving materials within a cell.