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IB Biology > Unit 20: Enzymes > Flashcards

Unit 20: Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

Helicase Substrate

A

Double- strand DNA

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2
Q

Helicase Products

A

single strands

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3
Q

Helicase Location of Reactions

A

Euks–> Nucleus
Pros–>cytoplasm

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4
Q

Primase Substrate

A

short RNA sequences called primers

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5
Q

Primase Products

A

single-stranded piece of DNA

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6
Q

Primase Location of Reactions

A

leading strand of DNA

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7
Q

Gyrase Substrate

A

super coil of DNA

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8
Q

Gyrase Products

A

negative supercoiling of the DNA or relaxes positive supercoils

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9
Q

Gyrase Location of Reactions

A

Some Euks–> Nucleus
Pros–>cytoplasm

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10
Q

DNA Polymerase III substrate

A

deoxyribos-nucleotides

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11
Q

DNA Polymerase III product

A

complementary strands of DNA

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12
Q

DNA Polymerase III Location of Reactions

A

euk–> Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
prok–> cytoplasm

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13
Q

DNA Polymerase I substrate

A

deoxyribos-nucleotides

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14
Q

DNA Polymerase I product

A

Connected strand of DNA

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15
Q

DNA Polymerase I Location of Reactions

A

euk–> Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
prok–> cytoplasm

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16
Q

Ligase substrate

A

DNA strands

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17
Q

Ligase product

A

single strand

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18
Q

Ligase Location of Reactions

A

Euks–> Nucleus
Pros–>cytoplasm

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19
Q

RNA Polymerase substrate

A

free nucleotides

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20
Q

RNA Polymerase product

A

RNA

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21
Q

RNA Polymerase Location of Reactions

A

Euks–> nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria
Pros–> cytoplasm.

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22
Q

tRNA activating enzyme substrate

A

tRNA and amino acid (separate)

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23
Q

tRNA activating enzyme product

A

amino acid bound to the tRNA

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24
Q

tRNA activating enzyme Location of Reactions

A

Found in the cytoplasm of all cells.

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25
Q

Taq Polymerase substrate

A

single stranded DNA

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26
Q

Taq Polymerase product

A

double stranded DNA

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27
Q

Taq Polymerase Location of Reactions

A

DCR Reactions/ Machines

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28
Q

Rubisco substrate

A

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and CO2

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29
Q

Rubisco product

A

3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate

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30
Q

Rubisco Location of Reactions

A

Chloroplast

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31
Q

Restriction Enzyme substrate

A

restriction sites

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32
Q

Restriction Enzyme product

A

DNA Pieces

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33
Q

Restriction Enzyme Location of Reactions

A

Pros–> found in bacteria

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34
Q

ATP Synthase substrate

A

ADP and Pi

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35
Q

ATP Synthase product

A

ATP

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36
Q

ATP Synthase Location of Reactions

A

inner membrane of a mitochondria

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37
Q

Carboxylase substrate

A

ATP, CO2, and other molecules

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38
Q

Carboxylase product

A

ADP and phosphates

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39
Q

Carboxylase Location of Reactions

A

mitochondria in most cells

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40
Q

Amylase substrate

A

amylose or amylopectin

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41
Q

Amylase Products

A

alpha glucose

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42
Q

Amylase Location of Reactions

A

Humans: mouth and pancreas → small intestine
Plants: seeds
In general: the digestive system

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43
Q

Maltase substrate

A

hydrolysis

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44
Q

Maltase product

A

simple sugar glucose

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45
Q

Maltase Location of Reactions

A

mucus membrane

46
Q

Lipase substrate

A

lipids

47
Q

Lipase products

A

glycerol and fatty acid

48
Q

Lipase Location of Reactions

A

stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.

49
Q

Pepsin (a protease) substrates

A

proteins

50
Q

Pepsin (a protease) products

A

amino acid and peptide

51
Q

Pepsin (a protease) Location of Reactions

A

Stomach, digestion tract

52
Q

Trypsin (a protease) substrates

A

Protein

53
Q

Trypsin (a protease) products

A

Amino acids

54
Q

Trypsin (a protease) Location of Reactions

A

small intestine

55
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase sustrate

A

carbon dioxide

56
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase product

A

carbonic acid, protons and bicarbonate ions

57
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Location of Reactions

A

Euk–> Choloplast & Mitocharia
Pro–> Cytoplasm

58
Q

Gene Expression

A

the process by which a gene creates a product.

59
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within living organisms

60
Q

Metabolic reactions are controlled by…

A

enzymes

61
Q

Intracellular

A

The metabolic reactions occur within a cell,

62
Q

Intracellular Example

A

Protein synthesis occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm

63
Q

Extracellular

A

The metabolic reactions occur outside a cell

64
Q

Extracellular Example

A

Cells of the pancreas secreting enzymes that chemically digest food in the alimentary canal

65
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

-A series of ‘steps’ from a starter molecule or precursor toward a final end product
-Each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme

66
Q

Cyclical Pathway and ex

A

Some metabolic pathways operate in a cyclic way.
Kerbs and calvin cycle

67
Q

Linear Pathway

A

The digestion of starch is an example of a LINEAR metabolic pathway

68
Q

Anabolic Metabolic Pathways

A

Constructs molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known as an endergoing process

69
Q

Catabolic Metabolic Pathways

A

That brakes down molecules into smaller units tht are either oxibiz to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions

70
Q

Enzymes

A

they speed up chemical reactions.

71
Q

Enzymes are…

A

Proteins

72
Q

The shape of an enzyme depends…

A

on the folding of the protein, which itself is determined by the amino acids in the primary structure of the protein, which itself is determined by the DNA genetic code.

73
Q

ACTIVE SITE:

A

a region on an enzyme that binds to the substrate(s). The substrate is chemically attracted to the enzymes active site.

74
Q

SUBSTRATE

A

The molecule(s) upon which enzymes may act. The enzyme converts the substrates into a different product(s).

75
Q

SPECIFIC

A

of the unique shape of the active site on the enzyme only substrates with the complementary shape can bind.

76
Q

coenzyme or a cofactor

A

A nonprotein component that aids the functioning of an enzyme

77
Q

Coenzyme & Examples

A

Organic, non-protein molecule
Examples NAD+, FAD+, vitamins

78
Q

Cofactor & Exmples

A

Inorganic molecule
Examples Cu+, Fe2+, K+, Ca2+

79
Q

COLLISION

A

Enzyme and substrate(s) are in continual random molecular motion. By chance, the substrate(s) will collide with the the enzyme active site.

80
Q

CATALYSIS

A

Substrate(s) bind to the enzyme active site, which undergoes induced fit to achieve the proper alignment and enable the enzyme to perform its catalytic function.

81
Q

RELEASE

A

The product(s) leave the active site. The enzyme is left unchanged and can be reused.

82
Q

Induced Fit

A

The binding of the substrate(s) to the enzyme causes a slight change in the shape of the enzyme so as to enhance its catalytic activity.

83
Q

Activation energy.

A

All chemical reactions require an initial energy input to get started

84
Q

Reactants need to have bonds…

A

weakened or broken

85
Q

Molecules need to be …

A

reoriented

86
Q

New bonds need to be…

A

formed

87
Q

Enzymes lower activation energy by …

A

Weakening or breaking bonds in the substrate(s)
Reorienting atoms in the substrate(s)
Forming new bonds

88
Q

Enzymes in anabolic reactions.

A

Enzyme squeezes substrates together.
Cellular energy must be added for the reaction to proceed.

89
Q

Enzymes in catabolic reactions.

A

Enzyme breaks substrate apart.
Cellular energy is released as the reaction proceeds.

90
Q

Temperature

A

Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction as the particles move faster and are more likely to collide. However, extreme high temperatures can cause bonds that maintain the structure of the enzyme and its active site to break. As a result, the enzyme will lose its shape (denature) and stop working.

91
Q

pH

A

The bonds that maintain the structure of the enzyme and its active site are very vulnerable to changes in pH. Each enzyme has an optimum pH at which it works at its optimum rate. A change in pH causes a change in the shape of the active site, resulting in it being less easy for the substrate(s) to fit in and bind to the active site. The activity of the enzyme is reduced and the rate of reaction slows.

92
Q

Substrate Concentration

A

Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction to a certain point as there is more opportunity for collision between enzyme and substrate.

93
Q

induced

A

“turn on” to be transcribed

94
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

operates where high levels of the end product deactivates the enzyme 1 at the beginning of the metabolic pathway

95
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

-bind to the enzyme, but not at the active site.
-ruins active site
-EX. cyanide

96
Q

cyanide

A

any chemical compound that consists of a carbon atom triple bonded to a nitrogen atom.

97
Q

Cyanide acts as…

A

irreversible noncompetitive inhibitor to the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase.

98
Q

anabolic

A

construct molecule from smaller unit

99
Q

Catabolic

A

breaks down molecule from smaller unit

100
Q

optimum

A

condition where reaction occurs from

101
Q

denature

A

change of protein structure due to breaking of bonds

102
Q

inhibitors

A

competive at active site and non competive t not active site

103
Q

allosteric inhibitor

A

binds to enzyme not active sit

104
Q

end product

A

high levels of end product deactive enzyme at beginning of metabolic pathway

105
Q

immobilized enzyme

A

conflict to one region of space

106
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

-occupies active dite and blocks out substrate
-someone else key struck in your lock
-EX. viagary sildenafil (not alaways bad)

107
Q

Chain Reactions

A

-linear
-o-o-o-o-o
-starch digestion

108
Q

Cydlicl Reaction

A

-circle
-Calvin and kerbs cycle

109
Q

Enzymes in industry:Detergents

A

enzyme breaks up stain

110
Q

Enzymes in industry:Textiles

A

denim, silk, lether

111
Q

Enzymes in industry:Food processing

A

Baking, brewing, juicing

112
Q

Enzymes in industry:paper

A

perpare pulp and within

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