Unit 20: Enzymes Flashcards
1
Q
Helicase Substrate
A
Double- strand DNA
2
Q
Helicase Products
A
single strands
3
Q
Helicase Location of Reactions
A
Euks–> Nucleus
Pros–>cytoplasm
4
Q
Primase Substrate
A
short RNA sequences called primers
5
Q
Primase Products
A
single-stranded piece of DNA
6
Q
Primase Location of Reactions
A
leading strand of DNA
7
Q
Gyrase Substrate
A
super coil of DNA
8
Q
Gyrase Products
A
negative supercoiling of the DNA or relaxes positive supercoils
9
Q
Gyrase Location of Reactions
A
Some Euks–> Nucleus
Pros–>cytoplasm
10
Q
DNA Polymerase III substrate
A
deoxyribos-nucleotides
11
Q
DNA Polymerase III product
A
complementary strands of DNA
12
Q
DNA Polymerase III Location of Reactions
A
euk–> Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
prok–> cytoplasm
13
Q
DNA Polymerase I substrate
A
deoxyribos-nucleotides
14
Q
DNA Polymerase I product
A
Connected strand of DNA
15
Q
DNA Polymerase I Location of Reactions
A
euk–> Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
prok–> cytoplasm
16
Q
Ligase substrate
A
DNA strands
17
Q
Ligase product
A
single strand
18
Q
Ligase Location of Reactions
A
Euks–> Nucleus
Pros–>cytoplasm
19
Q
RNA Polymerase substrate
A
free nucleotides
20
Q
RNA Polymerase product
A
RNA
21
Q
RNA Polymerase Location of Reactions
A
Euks–> nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria
Pros–> cytoplasm.
22
Q
tRNA activating enzyme substrate
A
tRNA and amino acid (separate)
23
Q
tRNA activating enzyme product
A
amino acid bound to the tRNA
24
Q
tRNA activating enzyme Location of Reactions
A
Found in the cytoplasm of all cells.
25
Taq Polymerase substrate
single stranded DNA
26
Taq Polymerase product
double stranded DNA
27
Taq Polymerase Location of Reactions
DCR Reactions/ Machines
28
Rubisco substrate
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and CO2
29
Rubisco product
3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate
30
Rubisco Location of Reactions
Chloroplast
31
Restriction Enzyme substrate
restriction sites
32
Restriction Enzyme product
DNA Pieces
33
Restriction Enzyme Location of Reactions
Pros--> found in bacteria
34
ATP Synthase substrate
ADP and Pi
35
ATP Synthase product
ATP
36
ATP Synthase Location of Reactions
inner membrane of a mitochondria
37
Carboxylase substrate
ATP, CO2, and other molecules
38
Carboxylase product
ADP and phosphates
39
Carboxylase Location of Reactions
mitochondria in most cells
40
Amylase substrate
amylose or amylopectin
41
Amylase Products
alpha glucose
42
Amylase Location of Reactions
Humans: mouth and pancreas → small intestine
Plants: seeds
In general: the digestive system
43
Maltase substrate
hydrolysis
44
Maltase product
simple sugar glucose
45
Maltase Location of Reactions
mucus membrane
46
Lipase substrate
lipids
47
Lipase products
glycerol and fatty acid
48
Lipase Location of Reactions
stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
49
Pepsin (a protease) substrates
proteins
50
Pepsin (a protease) products
amino acid and peptide
51
Pepsin (a protease) Location of Reactions
Stomach, digestion tract
52
Trypsin (a protease) substrates
Protein
53
Trypsin (a protease) products
Amino acids
54
Trypsin (a protease) Location of Reactions
small intestine
55
Carbonic Anhydrase sustrate
carbon dioxide
56
Carbonic Anhydrase product
carbonic acid, protons and bicarbonate ions
57
Carbonic Anhydrase Location of Reactions
Euk--> Choloplast & Mitocharia
Pro--> Cytoplasm
58
Gene Expression
the process by which a gene creates a product.
59
Metabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within living organisms
60
Metabolic reactions are controlled by...
enzymes
61
Intracellular
The metabolic reactions occur within a cell,
62
Intracellular Example
Protein synthesis occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm
63
Extracellular
The metabolic reactions occur outside a cell
64
Extracellular Example
Cells of the pancreas secreting enzymes that chemically digest food in the alimentary canal
65
Metabolic Pathways
-A series of ‘steps’ from a starter molecule or precursor toward a final end product
-Each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme
66
Cyclical Pathway and ex
Some metabolic pathways operate in a cyclic way.
Kerbs and calvin cycle
67
Linear Pathway
The digestion of starch is an example of a LINEAR metabolic pathway
68
Anabolic Metabolic Pathways
Constructs molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known as an endergoing process
69
Catabolic Metabolic Pathways
That brakes down molecules into smaller units tht are either oxibiz to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions
70
Enzymes
they speed up chemical reactions.
71
Enzymes are...
Proteins
72
The shape of an enzyme depends...
on the folding of the protein, which itself is determined by the amino acids in the primary structure of the protein, which itself is determined by the DNA genetic code.
73
ACTIVE SITE:
a region on an enzyme that binds to the substrate(s). The substrate is chemically attracted to the enzymes active site.
74
SUBSTRATE
The molecule(s) upon which enzymes may act. The enzyme converts the substrates into a different product(s).
75
SPECIFIC
of the unique shape of the active site on the enzyme only substrates with the complementary shape can bind.
76
coenzyme or a cofactor
A nonprotein component that aids the functioning of an enzyme
77
Coenzyme & Examples
Organic, non-protein molecule
Examples NAD+, FAD+, vitamins
78
Cofactor & Exmples
Inorganic molecule
Examples Cu+, Fe2+, K+, Ca2+
79
COLLISION
Enzyme and substrate(s) are in continual random molecular motion. By chance, the substrate(s) will collide with the the enzyme active site.
80
CATALYSIS
Substrate(s) bind to the enzyme active site, which undergoes induced fit to achieve the proper alignment and enable the enzyme to perform its catalytic function.
81
RELEASE
The product(s) leave the active site. The enzyme is left unchanged and can be reused.
82
Induced Fit
The binding of the substrate(s) to the enzyme causes a slight change in the shape of the enzyme so as to enhance its catalytic activity.
83
Activation energy.
All chemical reactions require an initial energy input to get started
84
Reactants need to have bonds...
weakened or broken
85
Molecules need to be ...
reoriented
86
New bonds need to be...
formed
87
Enzymes lower activation energy by ...
Weakening or breaking bonds in the substrate(s)
Reorienting atoms in the substrate(s)
Forming new bonds
88
Enzymes in anabolic reactions.
Enzyme squeezes substrates together.
Cellular energy must be added for the reaction to proceed.
89
Enzymes in catabolic reactions.
Enzyme breaks substrate apart.
Cellular energy is released as the reaction proceeds.
90
Temperature
Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction as the particles move faster and are more likely to collide. However, extreme high temperatures can cause bonds that maintain the structure of the enzyme and its active site to break. As a result, the enzyme will lose its shape (denature) and stop working.
91
pH
The bonds that maintain the structure of the enzyme and its active site are very vulnerable to changes in pH. Each enzyme has an optimum pH at which it works at its optimum rate. A change in pH causes a change in the shape of the active site, resulting in it being less easy for the substrate(s) to fit in and bind to the active site. The activity of the enzyme is reduced and the rate of reaction slows.
92
Substrate Concentration
Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction to a certain point as there is more opportunity for collision between enzyme and substrate.
93
induced
“turn on” to be transcribed
94
Feedback inhibition
operates where high levels of the end product deactivates the enzyme 1 at the beginning of the metabolic pathway
95
Noncompetitive inhibitors
-bind to the enzyme, but not at the active site.
-ruins active site
-EX. cyanide
96
cyanide
any chemical compound that consists of a carbon atom triple bonded to a nitrogen atom.
97
Cyanide acts as...
irreversible noncompetitive inhibitor to the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase.
98
anabolic
construct molecule from smaller unit
99
Catabolic
breaks down molecule from smaller unit
100
optimum
condition where reaction occurs from
101
denature
change of protein structure due to breaking of bonds
102
inhibitors
competive at active site and non competive t not active site
103
allosteric inhibitor
binds to enzyme not active sit
104
end product
high levels of end product deactive enzyme at beginning of metabolic pathway
105
immobilized enzyme
conflict to one region of space
106
competitive inhibitors
-occupies active dite and blocks out substrate
-someone else key struck in your lock
-EX. viagary sildenafil (not alaways bad)
107
Chain Reactions
-linear
-o-o-o-o-o
-starch digestion
108
Cydlicl Reaction
-circle
-Calvin and kerbs cycle
109
Enzymes in industry:Detergents
enzyme breaks up stain
110
Enzymes in industry:Textiles
denim, silk, lether
111
Enzymes in industry:Food processing
Baking, brewing, juicing
112
Enzymes in industry:paper
perpare pulp and within
