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BPK 142 Lab > Unit 20/21 Pre-Lab > Flashcards

Unit 20/21 Pre-Lab Flashcards

Unit 20 - Know and understand a basic reflex loop (all components of and the order) - Reflexes: be able to describe them / differentiate them. - Equipment / procedures for experiment (proper technical names) - Anatomy - Nerves - Brain Unit 21 Experiments: - Theory / understanding of the experimental what, why, and how, Procedure /Equipment (proper technical names)

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

an automatic response to a stimulus

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2
Q

What is a neuron?

A

nerve cells

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3
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A pathway made up of neurons involved in a reflex response. This arc consists of a sensory cell.

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4
Q

What is a sensory cell?

A

The cell in a reflex arc which detects the stimulus, and sends information with the hep of electrical signals to an intermediate stage in the spinal cord.

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5
Q

What are afferent neurons?

A

The neurons that convey information from the sensors to the intermediate stage in the central nervous system

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6
Q

What is the intermediate stage in the central nervous system?

A

It may be made up of a number of neurons that process the incoming sensory information and send it through either ascending pathways in the spinal column to the brain, or short circuiting it through the spinal cord (the reflex). Either way, the processed information is finally sent to the effector organ that reacts to the stimulus.

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7
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A

The neurons that transfer the action potentials from the central nervous system to the effector organs

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8
Q

The tendon tap reflex (stretch reflex)

A

The simplest reflex pathway in the body involves just two neurons: a sensory (afferent) neuron and a motor (efferent) neuron. Here’s how it works:

Stimulus: The quadriceps tendon is tapped, causing the muscle to stretch.
Sensory Input: Muscle spindles (stretch sensors) in the muscle detect the stretch and increase the frequency of action potentials in their afferent axons.
Integration: These afferent axons connect directly with motor neurons in the spinal cord.
Motor Output: The motor neurons (efferents) send action potentials back to the same muscle via their axons.
Response: The motor neurons excite the muscle, causing it to contract.
This contraction is observed as the knee-jerk reflex.

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9
Q

How do you test the patellar reflex?

A

sit with one leg crossed over with the other and tap the patellar tendon with the reflex hammer

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10
Q

how to test the direct light (pupillary) reflex

A

Observe size of pupil in ordinary room light, and observe changes in pupil diameter when a bright light is shone.

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11
Q

Consensual light reflex

A

Hold one book or hand vertically in front of face, thus separating the right eye from the left. Use a flashlight to illuminate one eye only and avoid the other eye, then note the size of pupils in both eyes.

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12
Q

How to determine eye preference

A

One eye is usually dominant.
1. cut a 1cm hole in a 3*5 inch index card.
2. place coin on floor.
3. still standing, locate the coin through the hole with the card held at arm’s length with both eyes open.
4. close each eye alternately and determine which eye you used to view the coin and any direction you have to move the head to view the coin properly.

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13
Q

What is the blind spot experiment?

A
  1. close left eye and hold the page with dot and cross 50cm in front of your face.
  2. focus sight on dot
  3. note the cross is still with field of vision
  4. observe what happens to the cross even (keep focusing on dot) and gradually bring paper closer
  5. repeat with other eyes but this time switch roles of dot and cross
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14
Q

What is the pre-motor cortex?

A

It plans and coordinates voluntary movements

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15
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

Exectutes voluntary movements

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16
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Processes sensory input like touch, temperature and pain

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17
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Decision making, problem solving, and voluntary motor function

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18
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Processes sensory information and spatial awareness

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Responsible for hearing, memory, and language comprehension

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20
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes visual information

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21
Q

Median nerve

A

Flexors of the forearm and thumb muscles.

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22
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Biceps brachii, brachialis (arm flexors).

23
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Hand muscles (fine motor control)

24
Q

Radial nerve

A

Triceps, wrist, and finger extensors.

25
Q

femoral nerve

A

Quadriceps (thigh flexors and extensors).

26
Q

sciatic nerve

A

Hamstrings (thigh extensors and knee flexors).

27
Q

tibial nerve

A

Calf muscles (plantar flexion).

28
Q

Common peroneal nerve

A

Tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion)

29
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Control sensory and motor functions for the head, neck, and some internal organs.

30
Q

How does the muscle spindle function in the knee jerk reflex?

A

They detect stretch and generate action potentials in sensory neurons. These signals activate motor neurons in the spinal cord, causing muscle contraction.

30
Q

What effects would you expect from an injury that severs the
spinal cord at the fifth cervical vertebra?

A
  • loss of motor and sensory function below C5
  • potential paralysy in the arms, torso, and legs (quadriplegia)
  • breathing may be impaired (phrenic nerve involvement)
31
Q

How many spinal nerves and vertebrae are there? What is the anatomical relationship between them?

A

Spinal nerves: 31 pairs
Vertebrae: 33 total (7C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 4CG
Spinal nerves exit through intervertebral foramina adjacent to their corresponding vertebrae.

32
Q

Describe the location of the spinal cord. What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

Location: Within the vertebral column, extending from the brainstem to L1-L2
Cervical Enlargement: Serves upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement: Serves lower limbs

33
Q

What is a reflex arc? List and define the components of a reflex
arc.

A

It is the neural pathway controlling reflex actions
Components:
1. Receptor- detects stimulus
2. Sensory/Afferent neuron- transmits input to CNS to spinal cord
3. Integration center- processes information (spinal cord or brainstem)
4. Motor/Efferent neuron- sends output motor signal to effector organs
5. Effector- executes the response

34
Q

Define a “cranial nerve”. How are cranial nerves named and
numbered?

A

These are nerves that originate from the brain.
Their naming is based on structure or function (like optic nerve is for vision or femoral nerve).
They are numbered using roman numerals (I-XII) from anterior to posterior.

35
Q

WHY are we testing the motor learning and performance lab?

A
  • to evaluate the processes involved in learning and performing a motor skill
  • feedback provides information about errors or success, helping individuals adjust
  • knowledge of results is a key feedback type
  • insights can help with rehab, sports training, and ergonomics
  • understanding learning curves helps with designing effective practice routines
36
Q

What are the types of Reflexes?

A

Monosynaptic, Polysynaptic, Somatic, and Autonomic.

37
Q

Monosynaptic vs. Polysynaptic

A
  • Monosynaptic: Simple, one, direct sensory-to-motor connection (e.g., patellar reflex).
    Polysynaptic: Involves interneurons, allowing for complex responses (e.g., withdrawal reflex).
38
Q

Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

A

Ipsilateral: Reflex occurs on the same side as the stimulus (e.g., patellar reflex).

Contralateral: Reflex occurs on the opposite side (e.g., crossed extensor reflex).

39
Q

What are the four examples of reflexes you must know?

A

Patellar Reflex (Knee Jerk): Stretch reflex.

Withdrawal Reflex: Protective reflex from painful stimuli.

Pupillary Light Reflex: Constriction of the pupil in response to light.

Consensual Light Reflex: Constriction of the pupil in the opposite eye.

40
Q

What equipment is used for reflex experiments?

A

Reflex Hammer: Used to test tendon reflexes (e.g., patellar reflex).
Flashlight: Used to test pupillary reflex.

41
Q

Gray Matter in Spinal Cord

A

processes sensory and motor signals

42
Q

White Matter in Spinal Cords

A

Transmits signals between brain and body

43
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

It carries sensory information into the spinal cord

44
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

It carries motor commands out of the spinal cord

45
Q

What is the Spinal Ganglion

A

It contains sensory neuron cell bodies

46
Q

What is the Sympathetic Trunk?

A

It transmits autonomic nervous signals

47
Q

What is the Motor Learning and Performance experiment about?

A

They examine:
- how motor skills improve practice
- how feedback influences learning

Key tasks:
- Mirror tracing task- tests fine motor skill learning under novel conditions
- Linear Arm Positioning Task- Assesses accuracy and coordination in motor responses

48
Q

Why is the Motor Learning and Performance experiment important?

A
  • motor learning involves learning and refining skills by practice
  • essential for various activities
  • feedback helps know what works and what doesn’t
49
Q

Mirror Tracing Task Procedure

A

Procedure:
Participants trace a star pattern while viewing their hand only through a mirror.
Errors and time taken to complete the task are recorded.

Purpose: Tests the participant’s ability to adapt to visual-motor coordination challenges.

Learning Curve: As participants practice, they make fewer errors and complete the task faster.

49
Q

Linear Arm Positioning Task

A

Procedure:
Participants are required to position their arm to match a target position.
Feedback (e.g., “too short” or “too far”) is provided.

Purpose: Measures precision and improvement in motor control over time.

50
Q

Knowledge of Performance (KP):

A

Feedback about the movement pattern or technique used during a task. Helps refine motor skills by providing information on how the action can be improved.

51
Q
A

BPK 142 Lab (1 decks)

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