Unit 2: Who Am I? Flashcards

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1
Q

Four Aspects of Being

A
  1. Physical
  2. Mental
  3. Emotional
  4. Spiritual
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2
Q

Influence of biology on thoughts, feelings and behavior?

A

Why and how we behave and think is a function of how the brain and body work.

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3
Q

Motivation

A

The internal state of an organism that drives it to behave in a certain way.

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4
Q

Emotions

A

Responses to an interaction between subjective feelings and an objective experience.

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5
Q

Social Perception

A

Process where someone infers other people’s motives/intentions from observing their behavior; deciding whether causes of behavior are internal or situational.

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6
Q

Attitudes

A

Long lasting patterns of feelings and beliefs about other people, ideas, or objects based in people’s experiences and shape future behavior.

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7
Q

Social Cognition

A

The thought process of making sense of events, people, oneself, and the world in general through analyzing and interpreting them.

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8
Q

Learning

A

An adaptive process where the tendency to perform a particular behavior is changed by experience.

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9
Q

Memories

A

Information encoded when stored, in forms dictated by people’s assumptions, attention, and schema.

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10
Q

Intelligence

A

The overall capacity of an individual to:

  1. Act purposefully
  2. To think rationally
  3. To deal effectively with the environment
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11
Q

Phineas Gage’s impact on psychology?

A

1) We learned that the frontal lobes of the brain enable us to control our emotions.
2) Damage to the frontal lobe part of the brain alters the way people express their emotions.
3) We learned that thoughts and emotions are closely related due to physical connections between the limbic system and other brain structures.

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12
Q

Developmental Psychology:

Continuous Change

A

Developmental change is gradual with achievements at one level building on the level coming before.

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13
Q

Developmental Psychology:

Discontinuous Change

A

Occurs in distinct stages or steps bringing about behavior assumed to be different from earlier stages.

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14
Q

Developmental Psychology:

Critical Period

A

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences.

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15
Q

Developmental Psychology:

Life Span Approach vs Particular Period Focus

A

Focusing on the entire life span when studying an individual is important because developmental growth and change continues during every part of life. We need to understand the people who are largely providing those influences.

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16
Q

Developmental Psychology:

Nature

A

Genetic Influences

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17
Q

Developmental Psychology:

Nurture

A

Influences of the physical and social environment.

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18
Q

Sensory Organs

A

Sensory Organs Do All Of The Following:

  1. Detect stimuli
  2. Encode them into an electical impulse
  3. Transmit impulses to the brain via a nerve(s).
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19
Q

Aristotle’s 5 Senses

A
  1. Hearing
  2. Sight
  3. Smell
  4. Taste
  5. Touch
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20
Q

Senses Gather/Detect Information About?

A

Forms of Energy such as:

  1. Sound
  2. Light
  3. Heat
  4. Physical Pressure
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21
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sense organs buried deep in the tissues of muscles, tendons and joints that give rise to sensations of weight, body position, and angle of joints.

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22
Q

Outside of Aristotle’s 5, Other Senses Include:

A

Balance

Hunger

Thirst

Fatigue

Pain

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23
Q

How do we hear?

A
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24
Q

How do we see?

A
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25
Q

How do we taste?

A
26
Q

How do we sense touch?

A
27
Q

Sensations

A

Messages from our sense organs

28
Q

Perception

A

The process of using information and your understanding of the world.

29
Q

Sensations vs Perceptions

A

Before something can be perceived it must be sensed.

Perception allows sensations to become meaningful experiences.

Perceptions influence thoughts, feelings and actions.

30
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

Non-conscious processing

31
Q

E.S.P.

A

Extra-Sensory Perception

Four Types:

Telepathy

Clairvoyance

Precognition

Psychokinesis

32
Q

Telepathy

A

The transfer of thought from one person to another.

33
Q

Clairvoyance

A

The ability to recognize objects or events that are not present to normal sensory receptors.

Example: Reading a message in a sealed envelope

34
Q

Precognition

A

Unexplained knowledge about future events.

35
Q

Psychokinesis

A

The ability to move objects using one’s mental powers.

36
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve Cells

a.k.a. the conducting elements of the nervous system

37
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

The electrical signal traveling between neurons.

38
Q

4 Parts of A Neuron

A
  1. Cell Body - contains nucleus and other organelles
  2. Dendrites - short, highly branched fibers that receive impulses
  3. Axon - long, thin fiber carrying impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons
  4. Myelin Sheath - insulating protective covering of the axon that prevents shorting of impulses
39
Q

How do neurons conduct nerve impulses?

A

The transmission of nerve impulses is a chemical process. The end of an axon is called the synaptic knob. Within the synaptic knob there are many small sacs called synaptic vesicles that contain special chemicals called neurotransmitters.

When the electrical impulse reaches the synaptic knob neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap. The diffusion of these chemicals across the gap allows the electrical impulse to be carried to the neighboring nerve cell by changing the permeability of its membrane. Usually, only the ends of axons release neurotransmitters. Therefore, impulses only travel in one direction across the synapse…from axons towards dendrites!

40
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical designed to carry the electrical impulse across the synaptic gap while changing the permeability of the neighboring neuron’s cell membrane.

This allows the dendrites of the next neuron to receive the electrical impulse.

41
Q

Adrenaline

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting fight-or-flight stress response

42
Q

Noradrenaline

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting concentration

43
Q

Seratonin

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting mood control

44
Q

Dopamine

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting reward or pleasure

45
Q

Endorphins

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting our natural painkillers or euphoria

46
Q

Gaba

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting calming

47
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting learning

48
Q

Glutamate

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting memory

49
Q

Oxytocin

A

A type of neurotransmitter affecting bonding

50
Q

Cerebrum

A

Responsible for intelligence and reasoning

51
Q

Thalamus

A

Acts as a relay station for sensory information; conduct electrical impulses to and from the cerebral cortex

52
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  1. Plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis
  2. Regulates body temperature, blood sugar levels, and endocrine system
  3. Affects behaviours such as eating, drinking and sexual arousal
53
Q

Limbic System

A

Interconnected structures responsible for emotions, memory, social behaviours and common brain disorders such as epilepsy

54
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A thick band (200 million nerve fibres) that physically connects and conveys messages between cerebral hemispheres; damage to it results in 2 separate brains within one skull

55
Q

Cortex

A

The exterior covering of the brain intricately involved in thought and reason; divided into areas or lobes with characteristic structures and functions

56
Q

Midbrain

A

Interprets signals and relays information to forebrain and hindbrain areas; causes the body to act at once

57
Q

Hindbrain/Reptilian Brain

A

The oldest part of the brain controls the body’s vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, body temperature and balance. Our reptilian brain includes the brainstem and the cerebellum.

Receives sensory information from the body, via the spinal cord, and other areas of the brain before causing the body to act in response. Responsible for all survival mechanisms - fight, flight, freeze, and reproduction.

58
Q

Medulla

A

Dense, elongated bundle of fibres that maintain involuntary functions such as controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

59
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Controls awareness of sensory information, muscle tone, cardiac and circulatory reflexes, and attention.

60
Q

Pons

A

Affects sleep, dreaming, and respiration

61
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large structure attached to the back of the brain stem responsible for balance, posture, coordination, movement, and single-joint actions; also involved in thinking operations including learning.