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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 vocab > Flashcards

Unit 2 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

The development of farming, also known as the Neolithic Revolution

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2
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area

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3
Q

Census

A

A complete enumeration of a population

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4
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

The number of live births in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society

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5
Q

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

A

The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society

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6
Q

Demographic Transition

A

the process of change in a society’s population as a combination of medical advances and economic development

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7
Q

Demography

A

the scientific study of population characteristics

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8
Q

dependency ratio

A

the number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people in the workforce

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9
Q

doubling time

A

the number of years it takes for an area’s population to double

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10
Q

ecumene

A

the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

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11
Q

epidemiological transition

A

the distinctive cause of death in each demographic transition

explains how countries’ populations change

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12
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a society

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13
Q

life expectancy

A

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social, medical, and economic conditions

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14
Q

medical revolution

A

medical technology from Europe and North America that was used to eliminate many diseases in the developing world

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15
Q

megalopolis

A

term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world

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16
Q

natural increase rate (NIR)

A

the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)

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17
Q

overpopulation

A

when there are too many people living in a certain area

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18
Q

physiological density

A

number of people per unit of arable land

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19
Q

population composition

A

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

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19
Q

population density

A

measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

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20
Q

population distribution

A

description of locations on Earth’s surface where populations live

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21
Q

sex ratio

A

ratio of men to women

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22
Q

standard of living

A

quality of life based on access to necessities and luxuries

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23
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A

average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years

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24
Q

zero population growth (ZPG)

A

a decline in the TFR to the point where the NIR=zero

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25
Q

agricultural density

A

ratio of number of farmers to total amount of arable land

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26
Q

major population clusters—East Asia

A

1/4 global population: East China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan

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27
Q

major population clusters—South Asia

A

1/4 global population: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka

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28
Q

major population clusters—Southeast Asia

A

600 million people: Indonesia, Philippines, and the river deltas of the Indochina peninsula

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29
Q

major population clusters—Europe

A

600 million people: mostly clustered in Western Europe in Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and France

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30
Q

industrial revolution

A

a series of improvements in technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society

30
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease

31
Q

One Child Policy

A

Chinese policy used to control population growth which began in the 1980’s and restricted families to having only one child.

32
Q

family planning

A

The practice of controlling the number and frequency of children conceived usually through the use of contraception or voluntary sterilization.

33
Q

sterilization

A

any process that eliminates a person’s ability to have children

33
Q

epidemiology

A

the branch of medical science that is concerned with identifying, fighting, and preventing disease

34
Q

pandemic

A

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

35
Q

Dr. John Snow

A

(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic

36
Q

sustainability

A

the level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources

37
Q

asylum seeker

A

someone who migrated to a new country to be recognized as a refugee

37
Q

brain drain

A

when talented professionals migrate to another region

37
Q

chain migration

A

migration to a specific location because of relatives or people of the same nationality

38
Q

circular migration

A

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.

39
Q

circulation

A

repetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis

40
Q

counterurbanization

A

urban to rural

41
Q

desertification

A

degradation of land, especially common in arid regions and usually due to over-farming

42
Q

emigration

A

moving AWAY from a location

43
Q

floodplain

A

area subjected to flooding during a specific number of years based on historic trends

44
Q

forced migration

A

migrant is compelled to move; political/environmental factors

45
Q

guest worker

A

immigrants temporarily allowed in a country for a job

46
Q

immigration

A

migration TO a location

47
Q

internal migration

A

permanent movement within a country

47
Q

internally displaced persons (IDP)

A

forced to migrate within the same country due to same reasons as a refugee

48
Q

international migration

A

permanent movement from one country to another

49
Q

interregional migration

A

movement from one region of a country to another

49
Q

intraregional migration

A

movement within a region

50
Q

migration

A

permanent movement to a new location

50
Q

net migration

A

Difference between immigrants and emigrants. Result can be net in-migration (+) or net out-migration (-).

51
Q

mobility

A

general term for all types of movement from one place to another

51
Q

migration transition

A

A change in the migration pattern in a society that results form industrialization, population growth, and produces the demographic transition.

51
Q

pull factor

A

persuades people to move to a new location

52
Q

push factors

A

persuades people to move out of current location

53
Q

quota

A

maximum limits to number of immigrants to USA annually, per country

54
Q

refugee

A

Forced to migrate to a new country due to political/ environmental factors and cannot return due to fear of persecution

55
Q

remittances

A

money sent back home by migrants to family members in home country

56
Q

suburbanization

A

urban to suburban

57
Q

unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants

A

immigrants who enter without proper documents

58
Q

urbanization

A

rural to urban

59
Q

voluntary migration

A

migrants choose to move; economic improvement

60
Q

anti-natalist policies

A

government policies designed to reduce the fertility rate

60
Q

pro-natalist policies

A

government policies designed to increase the fertility rate

61
Q

carrying capacity

A

largest population that an environment can support at any given time

62
Q

transhumance

A

The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.

63
Q

step migration

A

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

64
Q

intervening opportunity

A

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

AP Human Geography (2 decks)

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