Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards
Vocabulary from Unit 2 of AP Human Geography
Agricultural density
the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Agricultural Revolution
the First Agricultural Revolution, also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is the transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming;
occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC and 2000 BC, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East
Antinatalist
concerned with limiting population growth
Anti-Semitism
hostility to or prejudice against Jews
Arithmetic density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
Asylum seeker
a person who has fled persecution in their home country and is seeking safe haven in a different country, but has not yet received any legal recognition or status
Brain drain
the emigration of highly educated workers from developing countries to developed countries
Brain gain
when a country benefits as a consequence of immigration of a highly qualified person
Carrying capacity
the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation
CBR
Crude Birth Rate;
total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
CDR
Crude Death Rate;
total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Census
a survey that counts how many people live in a nation, state, city, or other geographic area;
may also record certain information about that population, such as age, sex, or income
Chain migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Cold War
the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990;
characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare
Core-periphery
uneven spatial distribution of economic, political and cultural power where resources and wealth flow to the core and consumer products and cultural influence flow to the periphery;
as applied to migration patterns it explains why the majority of international migrants go from LDC to MDC
Cornucopian
the idea that continued progress and provision of material items for mankind can be met by similarly continued advances in technology
Counterurbanization
a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas
Delayed degenerative disease
a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs changes for the worse over time;
occurring most often in elderly populations as a result of aging
Demographic momentum
this is the tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution;
the size of previous generations pushes population growth forward even if at a slower rate
Demographic transition
process of change in a society’s population
Demographic Transition Model
a model for tracking or predicting the sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time;
- Stage 1 is low growth (high stationary),
- Stage 2 is High Growth (early expanding)
- Stage 3 is Moderate Growth (late expanding)
- Stage 4 is Low Growth (low stationary)
- Stage 5 (declining) although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population growth
Demographics
statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it
Density
the quantity of something per unit volume, unit area, or unit length
Dependency ratio
number of people too young or too old to work compared to number of people in productive years
Desertification
the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture
Development
the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
Diaspora
when a community of people is dispersed or scattered from their native territory and settles in another geographic location
Distribution
the way something is spread out or arranged over a geographic area
Doubling time
number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase;
calculated by using the Rule of 70 (divide 70 by NIR); e.g. India doubling time = 70/1.18 = 59 years
Ecumene
portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Emigration
migration from a location
Epidemiologic Transition
that process by which the pattern of mortality and disease is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemic affecting all age groups to one of degenerative and man-made diseases
Epidemiology
a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population
Famine
extreme scarcity of food
Fertility
number of offspring born per mating pair, individual or population
Floodplain
low-lying area subject to flooding
Forced migration
permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
Forward capital
a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons;
sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state;
AKA - spearhead capital, forward thrust capital; e.g., Brasilia, Brazil; Abuja, Nigeria
Frost Belt
informal region in the United States known for heavy snowfall, frost-producing winters, and cold;
includes a huge part of the Midwest, the Great Lakes Region, and the Northeastern United States;
people have been migrating from the Frost Belt to the temperate Southwestern and southern parts of the U.S. since the late twentieth century for both environmental and economic reasons
Gravity Model
mathematical model used to predict interaction between two or more places; used to simulate a variety of flow patterns, such as traffic and mail flows, telephone calls, and migration;
based on Newton’s law of gravitation; Ravenstein later applied these principles and the gravity model concept to the social sciences with a study of migration patterns during the 19th century
Guest workers
foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country
IDP
(internally displaced person) someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons to a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Immigration
migration to a location
IMR
Infant Mortality Rate;
annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births, per 1,000 births
Industrial Revolution
the totality of the changes in economic and social organization that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, such as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments
Infrastructure
the basic structure or features of a system or organization
Internal migration
permanent movement within the same country
International migration
permanent movement from one country to another
Interregional migration
movement from one region of a country to another (e.g., rural to urban)
Intervening obstacle
an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
Intervening opportunity
something that causes a person who is migrating to stop at a place between the place they left and the place they intended to go
Intraregional migration
movement within one region (e.g., older cities to newer suburbs)
Iron Curtain
the title given to the dividing line between democratic western Europe and Communist eastern Europe following the second world war
Life expectancy
average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels
Malthus, Thomas
British economist who coined the term overpopulation in the late 1700s;
suggested that the world’s population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur
Marxist
a believer in a type of economic system proposed by Karl Marx in which there are no classes;
the government would control all resources and means of production to, in theory, ensure equality
Migration
permanent move to a new location
Migration Transition
changes in migration that coincide with social and economic changes that also produce the Demographic Transition
Mobility
all types of movement from one location to another
Mortality
the measure of death in a population
Neo-Malthusian
theory that humanity is poised for another population calamity and that competition over finite resources will result in famine and war unless population growth is controlled
Net migration
difference between number of immigrants and emigrants
NIR
Natural Increase Rate;
percentage by which a population grows in a year (alternatively RNI or Rate of Natural Increase)
One-Child Policy
antinatalist program in China that was implemented nationwide by the Chinese government in 1980 in order to limit most Chinese families to one child each
Overpopulation
the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Pandemic
an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population
Pestilence
a contagious or infectious epidemic disease that is virulent and devastating
Physiological density
the number of people per unit of area of arable land
Pogroms
a violent riot aimed at the massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews;
the Russian term originally entered the English language in order to describe 19th and 20th century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire;
similar attacks against Jews at other times and places also became retrospectively known as pogroms
Population center
the point on which a rigid, weightless map would balance perfectly, if the population members are represented as points of equal mass
Population pyramid
a model used in population geography to visualize the age and sex distribution of a particular population
Potato Famine
a famine in Ireland in the 19th-century caused by the failure of successive potato crops in the 1840s;
many in Ireland starved, and many emigrated; more than a million Irish came to the United States during the famine
Pronatalist
an attitude or policy that encourages childbearing
Pull factor
induces people to move into a new location
Push factor
induces people to move away from current location
Quota laws
law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Ravenstein, Ernst
created the Laws of Migration (1885)
1. The majority of migrants move only a short distance in any one migration
2. Migration proceeds in steps
3. Migrants who travel long distances, are more likely to prefer areas that are great centers of commerce or industry
4. Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current
5. People in rural areas are more likely to migrate than people in cities
6. Men migrate over longer distances than women
7. Most migrants are young adult males; families rarely migrate out of their country of birth
8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase
9. Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves
10. The major direction of migration is from the agricultural areas to the centers of industry and commerce
11. The major causes of migration are economics
Refugee
person who has been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution
Remittance
transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country
Replacement rate
the number of children a couple must have in order to replace themselves in a population;
it is on average 2.1
Right-to-work law
a law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs
Rural-to-urban migration
process of migration from an agricultural area to a city generally driven by poverty and job opportunities
Seasonal mobility
migration by season (moving during winter to a warmer place, etc.)
Sex ratio
number of males per 100 females in the population
Step migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to a nearby village and later to town or city
Suburbanization
the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe
Sun Belt
a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest;
has seen substantial population growth since the 1960s from an influx of people seeking a warm and sunny climate, a surge in retiring baby boomers, and growing economic opportunities;
advent of air conditioning created more comfortable summer conditions and allowed more manufacturing and industry to locate there
TFR
Total Fertility Rate; average number of children a woman can expect to have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)
Transhumance
movement of livestock to higher elevations during summer and lower elevations in winter
Transnational migration
when migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated
Unauthorized immigrant
people who enter a country without proper documents, also known as undocumented immigrants
Undocumented migrant
unauthorized immigrant - people who enter a country without proper documents, also known as undocumented immigrants
Urbanization
the movement of people to, and the clustering of people in, towns and cities;
a major force in every geographic realm today
Visa
an endorsement on a passport indicating that the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of time in a country
Voluntary migration
permanent movement undertaken by choice
ZPG
Zero Population Growth;
fertility rate that results in a lack of change in total population over a long term
